INTRODUCTION
Below is the representation topic of software engineering which presented by my colleagues friend as IT students who are
Nelson Shoo&
Christine Obed
MEANING OF SOFTWARE ENGINEERING
What is software engineering?
Is the systematic approach to the design, construction, develop and maintenance of computer programs
OR
Is the application of a systematic, disciplined, quantifiable approach to the development, operation, and maintenance of software, and the study of these approaches as the application of engineering to software.
SHORT NARRATION OF SOFTWARE ENGINEERING
In 1950 programming languages started to appear, major languages such as FORTRAN, Algon and COBOL were unconfined during 1963-1968 the emerging of software crisis and 1968-1970 was the occurrence of the birth of software engineering, it first appeared in 1968 when NATO Software Engineering conference emerged.
AIMS OF SOFTWARE ENGINEERING
(i)Graduate qualified professionals in the field of software engineering with knowledge and skills are compulsory in the job market as professionals for that field of computer science.
(ii)Make available for enhancing the capacities of the faculty in order to achieve excellence and improvement.
(iii)Make a payment to the development of human knowledge through scientific research of this field.
(iv)Contribute in the development of the industry though consultations, training and seminars and applied research of the field.
(v)Appreciate lifelong learning that will allow adapting effectively in a rapidly changing field of computer science.
(vi)To overcome this crisis and create software of high quality, cheaper, maintainable and deliver them at time.
TYPES OF SOFTWARE
(a)RETAIL SOFTWARE
-This type of software is sold off the shelves of retail stores.
(b)OEM SOFTWARE
-Original Equipment Manufacturer refers to software sold in bulk to resellers, designed to be bundled with hardware. Examples Microsoft
(c)SHAREWARE
-Is the software which is downloaded from the Internet but after a several period of time the customer have to purchase
(d)FREEWARE
-Is the software which is downloaded from the Internet for free but for person use, while commercial uses it requires a paid authorization.
HOW IS SOFTWARE ENGINEERING WORKS?
This is the looping process where by the software requirement analysis starting by satisfy those needs and pass to system analysis and design where most software tools are design and shift to the third stage where Code generated and assured through the stage so as to be tested into fourth stage and proceed into last stage where maintenance of these tools takes place and looping to the inertial stages as their in circular forms.
TOOLS USED IN SOFTWARE ENGINEERING
-By definition Software engineering tools are tools or things that are intended to provide automated support for software process system in most of the computer science field.
COMPUTER AIDED SOFTWARE ENGINEERING TOOL
-These are among of the tools used to provide automated maintain for improvement of software such as in computer codes there case function which includes of analysis, design, and programming of these codes.
But in case tools there are Upper and Lower Case tools where data flow of diagram, Structure charts, algorithms and Debugging, maintenance, testing tools such as programming are working consecutively.
CHALLENGES
(i)Heterogeneity challenge
(ii)Delivery challenge
(iii)Trust challenge
(iv)Legacy system challenge
CONCLUSION
Upon basis on the requirements of sensor networks, this article describes aspects of software engineering. The main objective is the simplification of development of service applications for wireless sensor networks. A key issue is to separate the software from underlying hardware and to divide the software into functional blocks seen in stages of software engineering.
Refference
(i)Ian Sommerville(2000)Software Engineering 6th Edition, chapter 1
(ii)www.freetechbooks.com/software-engineering-methodology-the-watersluice
(iii)wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_development_process
(iv)www.googlebooksearch/challenges of software Engineering
By Venance
14 Jun 2009
PROGRAM /SOFT WARE VISUALIZATION
LEARNING DIARY O N PROGRAM/SOFT WARE VISUALIZATION
So happily ta have the presentation like this as presented by
Rachael Myinga &
Venance Luhemeja
INTRODUCTION
-Program visualization is the method developed over the years to aid novices with their difficulties in learning to program. It consists of different graphics often animated and textual objects, visualization the execution of programs. The aim of program visualization is to enhance students understanding of different areas of program execution, typically program visualization techniques include code highlighting visualization of call stack and presenting information on variables.
MEANING
(i)Program is a set of executions instructions that solves a problem/difficulty.
(ii)Visualization is the making visible/observable to the mind or imagination.
(iii0Program/software visualization consists of producing animated views of program executions, because is the use of computer graphics and animation to help illustrate and present computer programs, processes, and algorithms in producing animated views of program executions. Not only is that but also the visual representation of program activity during execution
TYPES OF PROGRAM/SOFTWARE VISUALIZATION
There basically two types of software / program visualization which are-
(i) Visualization of a single component.
-This is the types of visualization where source code and quality defects during software development and maintenance activities are able to executed and visible.
(ii) Visualization of the whole (sub) system.
-This is the type of visualization where we can investigate the architecture or to apply or visual analytics techniques for defect discovery.
AIMS
After interact with the introductory meaning and types of software / program visualization also there several aims that act as the purpose of software visualization in render visible more understandable or comprehensible.
(i) Binds of data to representations that can be recognized. -This consists of the binding (or mapping) of data to representations that can be perceived and types data to be bonded can be visual, auditory, tactile, or a combination of them.
(ii) Specification of user explanation -That gives more descriptions of all the important data characteristics and the specification of the user's interpretation aims. The interpretation aims define what characteristics of the data, or relations between data variables, the user are interested in analyzing by means of visual representation.
(iii) Achieve the goals of systematic creation of visual representations -In this all the process and procedure for writing program must be followed in order that a user can understand the code well and be able on visualization on understanding the executed data show the picture or result and the procedures well.
IMPORTANCE OF PROGRAM/SOFTWARE VISUALIZATION
(i) Improving performance -Software visualization helps the user to improve its performance through doing more practices on making different program.
(ii) Support visible more comprehensible -it enables the user to understand the program procedures and to be able to explain the code arrangement when writing a program so that during the execution of the code of the program the errors can be reduced.
(iii) Converting data into a graphic or graphic representation,
-Those code or data inputted by the user are converted into language that a computer can understand so that it can bring the aims of the programmer
(iv) Helps programmers to understand program behavior & code better -more practice help the programmer to understand the characteristics, behavior and to make the relation of the code.
DISADVANTAGES OF SOFTWARE/PROGRAM VISUALIZATION
(i) Getting of necessary data (codes) for visualization it is difficult for programmers to -know the exactly data which can be used in his or her program also it take a long time for programmer to make program. These are difficult for those who are making larger program.
(ii)Problems on Limited screen space. -This occur in most of the programs like jeliot in which two or more list of algorithms can not be possible to be executed at the same time due insufficient space on the screen.
(iii)An unfavorable condition or circumstance. -This is most of the factor that faced on the problems during execution of visual data during software visualization.
(iv)The aspect of program behavior to be visualized must be identified.
-Programmer must know what is he or her going to do before writing anything about the program but it is difficult for the programmer to identified the behavior and characteristic of the program, as a result a programmer fail to present their aimed program
CHALLENGES
(i) Handle real-world problems -This is the uses of programs and software in developing programs in a small client and laboratory with few line of codes as algorithms.
(ii)Security upon program/soft ware. -Upon this can lead too many dangerous defect in most of programs due to attacking of hackers, and intruders like viruses
(iii) Network Latency. -This is condition in which the visualized is always faced by the problem of network congestion or traffic during executions of visible data during visualization
(iv)Designing and specifying. -In this factor the only the programmers should be able to design codes specific to the program intended to be visualized and make it be more clearly.
HOW TO OVERCOME THE PROBLEMS
(i)Improving performance of program -It is better to think before doing anything about the program so as to be able to identify all the procedures needed and by doing practices it can help to improve the programmer on designing different program.
(ii)Calculate and reducing resource utilization. -The programmer must be able to use small resources but good presentation of the program. Those codes used during the designing of the program must be clearly so as to avoid unnecessary information.
(iii)Debugging is a methodical process of finding and reducing the number of bugs, or defects, in a computer program or a piece of electronic hardware, through this can help us in software visualization to reduce the number of bugs within our program as a result it to show the good presentation of the program and graphics.
CONCLUSION
Programs are not only files, but indeed technical publications. In order to transfer programs into publications, some principles need to be adopted, so that the codes can be properly and nicely mapped into visible language constructs
Refference
(i)Department of Computing Science, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
(ii) Ben-Ari, M. (2001). Program visualization in theory and practice. Informatik/Informatique
(iii)Brown, M. H. (1991). Zeus: A system for algorithm animation and multi-view editing. Proceedings of IEEE Workshop on Visual Languages, 4-9. New York: IEEE Computer Society Press.
(iv)Baecker, R. M. (1968). Experiments in On-Line Graphical Debugging: The Interrogation of Complex
By Venance
So happily ta have the presentation like this as presented by
Rachael Myinga &
Venance Luhemeja
INTRODUCTION
-Program visualization is the method developed over the years to aid novices with their difficulties in learning to program. It consists of different graphics often animated and textual objects, visualization the execution of programs. The aim of program visualization is to enhance students understanding of different areas of program execution, typically program visualization techniques include code highlighting visualization of call stack and presenting information on variables.
MEANING
(i)Program is a set of executions instructions that solves a problem/difficulty.
(ii)Visualization is the making visible/observable to the mind or imagination.
(iii0Program/software visualization consists of producing animated views of program executions, because is the use of computer graphics and animation to help illustrate and present computer programs, processes, and algorithms in producing animated views of program executions. Not only is that but also the visual representation of program activity during execution
TYPES OF PROGRAM/SOFTWARE VISUALIZATION
There basically two types of software / program visualization which are-
(i) Visualization of a single component.
-This is the types of visualization where source code and quality defects during software development and maintenance activities are able to executed and visible.
(ii) Visualization of the whole (sub) system.
-This is the type of visualization where we can investigate the architecture or to apply or visual analytics techniques for defect discovery.
AIMS
After interact with the introductory meaning and types of software / program visualization also there several aims that act as the purpose of software visualization in render visible more understandable or comprehensible.
(i) Binds of data to representations that can be recognized. -This consists of the binding (or mapping) of data to representations that can be perceived and types data to be bonded can be visual, auditory, tactile, or a combination of them.
(ii) Specification of user explanation -That gives more descriptions of all the important data characteristics and the specification of the user's interpretation aims. The interpretation aims define what characteristics of the data, or relations between data variables, the user are interested in analyzing by means of visual representation.
(iii) Achieve the goals of systematic creation of visual representations -In this all the process and procedure for writing program must be followed in order that a user can understand the code well and be able on visualization on understanding the executed data show the picture or result and the procedures well.
IMPORTANCE OF PROGRAM/SOFTWARE VISUALIZATION
(i) Improving performance -Software visualization helps the user to improve its performance through doing more practices on making different program.
(ii) Support visible more comprehensible -it enables the user to understand the program procedures and to be able to explain the code arrangement when writing a program so that during the execution of the code of the program the errors can be reduced.
(iii) Converting data into a graphic or graphic representation,
-Those code or data inputted by the user are converted into language that a computer can understand so that it can bring the aims of the programmer
(iv) Helps programmers to understand program behavior & code better -more practice help the programmer to understand the characteristics, behavior and to make the relation of the code.
DISADVANTAGES OF SOFTWARE/PROGRAM VISUALIZATION
(i) Getting of necessary data (codes) for visualization it is difficult for programmers to -know the exactly data which can be used in his or her program also it take a long time for programmer to make program. These are difficult for those who are making larger program.
(ii)Problems on Limited screen space. -This occur in most of the programs like jeliot in which two or more list of algorithms can not be possible to be executed at the same time due insufficient space on the screen.
(iii)An unfavorable condition or circumstance. -This is most of the factor that faced on the problems during execution of visual data during software visualization.
(iv)The aspect of program behavior to be visualized must be identified.
-Programmer must know what is he or her going to do before writing anything about the program but it is difficult for the programmer to identified the behavior and characteristic of the program, as a result a programmer fail to present their aimed program
CHALLENGES
(i) Handle real-world problems -This is the uses of programs and software in developing programs in a small client and laboratory with few line of codes as algorithms.
(ii)Security upon program/soft ware. -Upon this can lead too many dangerous defect in most of programs due to attacking of hackers, and intruders like viruses
(iii) Network Latency. -This is condition in which the visualized is always faced by the problem of network congestion or traffic during executions of visible data during visualization
(iv)Designing and specifying. -In this factor the only the programmers should be able to design codes specific to the program intended to be visualized and make it be more clearly.
HOW TO OVERCOME THE PROBLEMS
(i)Improving performance of program -It is better to think before doing anything about the program so as to be able to identify all the procedures needed and by doing practices it can help to improve the programmer on designing different program.
(ii)Calculate and reducing resource utilization. -The programmer must be able to use small resources but good presentation of the program. Those codes used during the designing of the program must be clearly so as to avoid unnecessary information.
(iii)Debugging is a methodical process of finding and reducing the number of bugs, or defects, in a computer program or a piece of electronic hardware, through this can help us in software visualization to reduce the number of bugs within our program as a result it to show the good presentation of the program and graphics.
CONCLUSION
Programs are not only files, but indeed technical publications. In order to transfer programs into publications, some principles need to be adopted, so that the codes can be properly and nicely mapped into visible language constructs
Refference
(i)Department of Computing Science, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
(ii) Ben-Ari, M. (2001). Program visualization in theory and practice. Informatik/Informatique
(iii)Brown, M. H. (1991). Zeus: A system for algorithm animation and multi-view editing. Proceedings of IEEE Workshop on Visual Languages, 4-9. New York: IEEE Computer Society Press.
(iv)Baecker, R. M. (1968). Experiments in On-Line Graphical Debugging: The Interrogation of Complex
By Venance
FINGERPRINT RECOGNITION
LEARNING DIARY ON FINGERPRINT RECOGNITION:
INTRODUCTION: The topic was presented by
Mr.Ayoub Mugube &
John Malasa
In most of the countries in this world, Physical identification regard as physical appearance, voices, and other sensory data and Biometrics as the way for unique be acquainted with human based upon one or more intrinsic physical or behavior traits, also biometric includes face, iris, retina inspect, voice recognition etc. Fingerprint refers one of the most convenient and infallible.
MEANING
Fingerprint recognition or fingerprint authentication
-refers to the automated method of verifying a match between two human fingerprints. Fingerprints are one of many forms of biometrics used to identify an individual and verify their identity. This article touches on two major classes of algorithms (minutia and pattern) and four sensor designs (optical, ultrasonic, passive capacitance, and active capacitance).
SHORT NARRATION
-In 1880 Dr. Henry Faulds was the first to publish a scientific account of the use of fingerprint as a means of identification but In the late 1960s Galton points has been utilized to expand automated fingerprint technology and In the 1969 FBI developed a system to computerize its fingerprint identification process as a results the available fingerprint continued to improve until in attendance.
AIMS OF FINGER PRINT
Aims to develop a fingerprint matching process that runs on off-the-shelf GPU's (Graphical Processing units). This will allow to compare many more fingerprints than is actually possible and lower the cost-performance ratio. It is also an excellent test case for complex scientific computations on parallel hardware. Current leading methods allow many comparison rate prints per second, but by harnessing the power found in modern GPU's this amount could increase dramatically.
WHY FINGERPRINT
(i)The fingerprint pattern of any one individual remains unaffected/unchanged for life;
-This helps most of the country in all issue of security purposes because of unbothered or not changed.
(ii)The uniqueness of the fingerprint
-Also this identified the unique of different persons around the world because each person has got his / her own finger print.
(iii)Limited variety in patterns allows systematic classification of an individuals fingerprints
-If you consider on various pattern of different people in detail you can see each people have different patterns on his / her finger as an identity.
CLASSIFICATION OF FINGERPRINT
In this section human finger print modules has been classified into three different patterns
(a)Loops.
-It initiates on one side and goes around to closing stages on the identical side. A loop is generally something that closes back on itself such as a circle. The closing can appear in time or in space. It can be a cycle or ball but not a square
(b)Whorls
-The whorl establishes in the middle and maintains in receipt of bigger site. It appears like a bunch of circles in each other with rounded or circular ridge pattern and two deltas
(c)Arches
-The arch is a shape that initiates on one part, and ends on the other part, like a hill but with no delta.
ACHIEVEMENT OF FINGERPRINT IMAGES IS PERFORMED BY TWO TECHNIQUES.
(a)Off-line sensing
This is the achievement of fingerprint images carried out by ink-technique
Where the necessary finger is broaden with black ink and pressed against a paper card and scanned using a common paper-scanner and bring into beings the final digital image visible. Though is possible to manufacture a rolled impression which carries about more information but If not executed with care this technique manufacture the image with misplaced information due to excessive inkiness and deficiency
(b)Live-scan sensing
This is the collection of digital image by direct sensing the finger surface with an electronic fingerprint scanner with non ink technique but the finger is pushed against the level surface of a scanner’s fingerprint sensor as an electronic device used to detain a digital image of the fingerprint pattern. Although this technique is very straightforward but requires little user instructions.
ADVANTAGES OF FINGERPRINT
(i)Its consistency and stability as well as reliability are higher measure up to the iris, voice, and face recognition method because some can change his or her voice, iris and face that can be recognized by the machine.
(ii)Fingerprint recognition tools is moderately inexpensive evaluate to other biometric system in which any people of lowered status can manage to have them
(iii)Fingerprint can not be mislaid and do not change naturally due to the fact that each people identified with the uniqueness of that.
(iv)Fingerprint can be practical to Modern computers, planes, cars, automatic doors due the fact that the automation is automated.
DISADVANTAGES OF FINGERPRINT
(i)Time consuming.
It is true that the process of finger print consuming a lot of time that can be used to perform another work in our society.
(ii)Some criminals burn their fingers with acids.
Also this is among one the challenges as well as problems because if some one can be able to change the appearance of his or her hand can also be possible to avoid the finger print detection.
(iii)Some people have damaged or eliminated fingerprints.
Also seems to be difficulty for machine to render more accurately for those with damaged finger to be printed.
CHALLENGES
(i)Appropriate to technical dilemma some sensors do not interpret fingerprint images properly
(ii)Fingerprints stored in the database can be straightforwardly strong-minded by hackers and less security purposes.
(iii)The procedure of accumulate fingerprints weakens security hence sometimes criminals do engrave their fingers.
TERMINATION
Fingerprint recognition is important regardless of the disadvantages since it uniquely gives the variation accurately and discriminating than DNA analysis, which, with today’s technology, cannot distinguish between identical twins.
Refference
(i)Davide Maltoni, Anil K. Jain, Dario Maio, Salil Prabhakar,(2002), Handbook of fingerprint recognition, springer.
(ii)Henry, Edward R., Sir (1900) Classification and Uses of Finger Prints London: George Rutledge & Sons, Ltd.
(iii)Guardware Systems Ltd.Fingerprint Recognition II – History of Fingerprinting, 2000-2001 .
(iv)National science and technology Council Institute, Committee on technology, Fingerprint recognition,2006, Subcommittee on Biometrics.
By venance.
INTRODUCTION: The topic was presented by
Mr.Ayoub Mugube &
John Malasa
In most of the countries in this world, Physical identification regard as physical appearance, voices, and other sensory data and Biometrics as the way for unique be acquainted with human based upon one or more intrinsic physical or behavior traits, also biometric includes face, iris, retina inspect, voice recognition etc. Fingerprint refers one of the most convenient and infallible.
MEANING
Fingerprint recognition or fingerprint authentication
-refers to the automated method of verifying a match between two human fingerprints. Fingerprints are one of many forms of biometrics used to identify an individual and verify their identity. This article touches on two major classes of algorithms (minutia and pattern) and four sensor designs (optical, ultrasonic, passive capacitance, and active capacitance).
SHORT NARRATION
-In 1880 Dr. Henry Faulds was the first to publish a scientific account of the use of fingerprint as a means of identification but In the late 1960s Galton points has been utilized to expand automated fingerprint technology and In the 1969 FBI developed a system to computerize its fingerprint identification process as a results the available fingerprint continued to improve until in attendance.
AIMS OF FINGER PRINT
Aims to develop a fingerprint matching process that runs on off-the-shelf GPU's (Graphical Processing units). This will allow to compare many more fingerprints than is actually possible and lower the cost-performance ratio. It is also an excellent test case for complex scientific computations on parallel hardware. Current leading methods allow many comparison rate prints per second, but by harnessing the power found in modern GPU's this amount could increase dramatically.
WHY FINGERPRINT
(i)The fingerprint pattern of any one individual remains unaffected/unchanged for life;
-This helps most of the country in all issue of security purposes because of unbothered or not changed.
(ii)The uniqueness of the fingerprint
-Also this identified the unique of different persons around the world because each person has got his / her own finger print.
(iii)Limited variety in patterns allows systematic classification of an individuals fingerprints
-If you consider on various pattern of different people in detail you can see each people have different patterns on his / her finger as an identity.
CLASSIFICATION OF FINGERPRINT
In this section human finger print modules has been classified into three different patterns
(a)Loops.
-It initiates on one side and goes around to closing stages on the identical side. A loop is generally something that closes back on itself such as a circle. The closing can appear in time or in space. It can be a cycle or ball but not a square
(b)Whorls
-The whorl establishes in the middle and maintains in receipt of bigger site. It appears like a bunch of circles in each other with rounded or circular ridge pattern and two deltas
(c)Arches
-The arch is a shape that initiates on one part, and ends on the other part, like a hill but with no delta.
ACHIEVEMENT OF FINGERPRINT IMAGES IS PERFORMED BY TWO TECHNIQUES.
(a)Off-line sensing
This is the achievement of fingerprint images carried out by ink-technique
Where the necessary finger is broaden with black ink and pressed against a paper card and scanned using a common paper-scanner and bring into beings the final digital image visible. Though is possible to manufacture a rolled impression which carries about more information but If not executed with care this technique manufacture the image with misplaced information due to excessive inkiness and deficiency
(b)Live-scan sensing
This is the collection of digital image by direct sensing the finger surface with an electronic fingerprint scanner with non ink technique but the finger is pushed against the level surface of a scanner’s fingerprint sensor as an electronic device used to detain a digital image of the fingerprint pattern. Although this technique is very straightforward but requires little user instructions.
ADVANTAGES OF FINGERPRINT
(i)Its consistency and stability as well as reliability are higher measure up to the iris, voice, and face recognition method because some can change his or her voice, iris and face that can be recognized by the machine.
(ii)Fingerprint recognition tools is moderately inexpensive evaluate to other biometric system in which any people of lowered status can manage to have them
(iii)Fingerprint can not be mislaid and do not change naturally due to the fact that each people identified with the uniqueness of that.
(iv)Fingerprint can be practical to Modern computers, planes, cars, automatic doors due the fact that the automation is automated.
DISADVANTAGES OF FINGERPRINT
(i)Time consuming.
It is true that the process of finger print consuming a lot of time that can be used to perform another work in our society.
(ii)Some criminals burn their fingers with acids.
Also this is among one the challenges as well as problems because if some one can be able to change the appearance of his or her hand can also be possible to avoid the finger print detection.
(iii)Some people have damaged or eliminated fingerprints.
Also seems to be difficulty for machine to render more accurately for those with damaged finger to be printed.
CHALLENGES
(i)Appropriate to technical dilemma some sensors do not interpret fingerprint images properly
(ii)Fingerprints stored in the database can be straightforwardly strong-minded by hackers and less security purposes.
(iii)The procedure of accumulate fingerprints weakens security hence sometimes criminals do engrave their fingers.
TERMINATION
Fingerprint recognition is important regardless of the disadvantages since it uniquely gives the variation accurately and discriminating than DNA analysis, which, with today’s technology, cannot distinguish between identical twins.
Refference
(i)Davide Maltoni, Anil K. Jain, Dario Maio, Salil Prabhakar,(2002), Handbook of fingerprint recognition, springer.
(ii)Henry, Edward R., Sir (1900) Classification and Uses of Finger Prints London: George Rutledge & Sons, Ltd.
(iii)Guardware Systems Ltd.Fingerprint Recognition II – History of Fingerprinting, 2000-2001 .
(iv)National science and technology Council Institute, Committee on technology, Fingerprint recognition,2006, Subcommittee on Biometrics.
By venance.
13 Jun 2009
EDUCATIONAL TECHNOLOGY.
LEARNING DIARY ON EDUCATIONAL TECHNOLOGY.
INTRODUCTION:
This presentation of education technology appeared On 24th April, 2009. The topic discussed was very interesting subject matter which based on studying by selection technology which is the deliberate concern in the World about the technology as the use of computers and other peripheral for learning.
AIMS OF EDUCATIONAL TECHNOLOGY
(i)Spread good practice in the use of learning technology
(ii)Represent and support its members and provide services for them.
(iii)Contribute to the development of policy
This topic presented by
Mr. Bahati Sanga&
Austin Godfrey
MEANING
Educational technology (also called learning technology) is the study and ethical practice of facilitating learning and improving performance by creating, using and managing appropriate technological processes and resources. Education technology it includes the system used in the process of developing human capability.
THE CHARACTERISTICS OF EDUCATIONAL TECHNOLOGY
IT INVOLVES
(a)INPUT,
(b)OUT PUT AND
(c)PROCESS ASPECTS OF EDUCATION;
-In these crates the whole procedure of inputting, processing and outputting learning we should have to get materials to lend a hand and facilitate learning especially
Computers and peripherals that can assist work effectively. In which Process, it generate situation for presenting the subject -matter systematically. Input involves the skill of training and awareness of schooling and training technique. Out put comprise mainly the incurable behaviour of the tricks or clarify the objectives achieved via the content.
SUBMISSION OF SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE TO EDUCATION AND TRAINING
-it incorporates the association of learning and conditions for comprehend goals of education and facilitates learning by manage of surroundings, medium and technique.
MAJOR OBJECTIVES OF EDUCATIONAL TECHNOLOGY
This describe why objectives of education technology are important for instructional designers,
(i)State the basic mechanism to an instructional objective,
(ii)Discriminate between goals and objectives of education technology,
(iii)Identify evident and covert behaviors during learning,
(iv)Identify poorly written objectives, and
When prompted with a problem statement, write valid instructional objectives matched to that problem of learning.
PROBLEMS & CHALLENGES FACING EDUCATIONAL TECHNOLOGY.
(a)Technology has the potential to address many of higher education’s challenges. To gain acceptance for and create quality learning experience in distance education technology, administrators must move beyond the "build it and they will come" mentality and acknowledge the faculty perspective, developing strategies that will encourage faculty participation in distance education. Almost larger amount of the current higher education faculty. Most have taught a number of years in the traditional classroom setting.
(b)To elicit faculty support and involvement, distance education administrators need to be skillful change agents, enticing faculty participation in distance education by providing appropriate incentives for faculty involvement and instructional support to make faculty as comfortable as possible in the transition to a new instructional medium.
(c)High cost to invest and to run these devices, and good condition area for learning most of many areas it is not good and proper administration of these devices. Other people they unsuccessful to have the devices that helping in studies for illustration to purchase computers and other tools facilitating in learning due to the functional problems that is a big problem facing the society, not only that even the devices still high in cost that unsuccessful people to pay money for.
EXPECTATIONS;
“Across the nation, schools are taking the radical step of putting portable technology into the hands of children. After years of debate over the use of computers in schools, educators say the new mobility finally will make technology a classroom tool as ordinary as textbooks and paper. ``When you bring the laptop into the classroom, now all of a sudden the technology is transparent,'' said Chris Heumann
Refference
(i)Wicklein, R. C., & Schell, J. W. (1995). Case studies of multidisciplinary approaches to integrating mathematics, science, and technology education.
Journal of Technology Education, 6(2), 59-76.
(ii)Zeisset, C. (1989). Many ways to cut a pie. Bulletin of Psychological Type,
12(1), 7, 22.
(iii)Zuga, K. F. (1989). Relating technology education goals to curriculum plan-
ning. Journal of Technology Education, 1(1), 34-58.
By venance.
INTRODUCTION:
This presentation of education technology appeared On 24th April, 2009. The topic discussed was very interesting subject matter which based on studying by selection technology which is the deliberate concern in the World about the technology as the use of computers and other peripheral for learning.
AIMS OF EDUCATIONAL TECHNOLOGY
(i)Spread good practice in the use of learning technology
(ii)Represent and support its members and provide services for them.
(iii)Contribute to the development of policy
This topic presented by
Mr. Bahati Sanga&
Austin Godfrey
MEANING
Educational technology (also called learning technology) is the study and ethical practice of facilitating learning and improving performance by creating, using and managing appropriate technological processes and resources. Education technology it includes the system used in the process of developing human capability.
THE CHARACTERISTICS OF EDUCATIONAL TECHNOLOGY
IT INVOLVES
(a)INPUT,
(b)OUT PUT AND
(c)PROCESS ASPECTS OF EDUCATION;
-In these crates the whole procedure of inputting, processing and outputting learning we should have to get materials to lend a hand and facilitate learning especially
Computers and peripherals that can assist work effectively. In which Process, it generate situation for presenting the subject -matter systematically. Input involves the skill of training and awareness of schooling and training technique. Out put comprise mainly the incurable behaviour of the tricks or clarify the objectives achieved via the content.
SUBMISSION OF SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE TO EDUCATION AND TRAINING
-it incorporates the association of learning and conditions for comprehend goals of education and facilitates learning by manage of surroundings, medium and technique.
MAJOR OBJECTIVES OF EDUCATIONAL TECHNOLOGY
This describe why objectives of education technology are important for instructional designers,
(i)State the basic mechanism to an instructional objective,
(ii)Discriminate between goals and objectives of education technology,
(iii)Identify evident and covert behaviors during learning,
(iv)Identify poorly written objectives, and
When prompted with a problem statement, write valid instructional objectives matched to that problem of learning.
PROBLEMS & CHALLENGES FACING EDUCATIONAL TECHNOLOGY.
(a)Technology has the potential to address many of higher education’s challenges. To gain acceptance for and create quality learning experience in distance education technology, administrators must move beyond the "build it and they will come" mentality and acknowledge the faculty perspective, developing strategies that will encourage faculty participation in distance education. Almost larger amount of the current higher education faculty. Most have taught a number of years in the traditional classroom setting.
(b)To elicit faculty support and involvement, distance education administrators need to be skillful change agents, enticing faculty participation in distance education by providing appropriate incentives for faculty involvement and instructional support to make faculty as comfortable as possible in the transition to a new instructional medium.
(c)High cost to invest and to run these devices, and good condition area for learning most of many areas it is not good and proper administration of these devices. Other people they unsuccessful to have the devices that helping in studies for illustration to purchase computers and other tools facilitating in learning due to the functional problems that is a big problem facing the society, not only that even the devices still high in cost that unsuccessful people to pay money for.
EXPECTATIONS;
“Across the nation, schools are taking the radical step of putting portable technology into the hands of children. After years of debate over the use of computers in schools, educators say the new mobility finally will make technology a classroom tool as ordinary as textbooks and paper. ``When you bring the laptop into the classroom, now all of a sudden the technology is transparent,'' said Chris Heumann
Refference
(i)Wicklein, R. C., & Schell, J. W. (1995). Case studies of multidisciplinary approaches to integrating mathematics, science, and technology education.
Journal of Technology Education, 6(2), 59-76.
(ii)Zeisset, C. (1989). Many ways to cut a pie. Bulletin of Psychological Type,
12(1), 7, 22.
(iii)Zuga, K. F. (1989). Relating technology education goals to curriculum plan-
ning. Journal of Technology Education, 1(1), 34-58.
By venance.
1 Jun 2009
PARALLEL COMPUTING
LEARNING DIARY ON PARALLEL COMPUTING
This is one of the presentations that was shortly clearly in concept presented by
Mariam mwakisisile.&
Abdallah r. sasya
INTRODUCTION
The concept of parallel computing habitually, software has been written in serial computations where by to be run on a single computer we should have to get a single Central Processing Unity (CPU).
(a)CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT
By definition is an integrated electronic device which understands commands as instructions to the computer, performs the logical and arithmetic processing operations, and foundation of the input and output operations to transpire or come around.
MEANING
Is a form of computation in which many calculations are carried out simultaneously, operating on the principle that large problems can often be divided into smaller ones, which are then solved concurrently “in parallel”
AIM AND IDEA OF PARALLEL COMPUTING
The ever increasing need of computing power has traditionally been fulfilled by producing new more powerful processors Physical limits restrict the growth so as can help us in computation of many calculation simultaneously. As a result on 1947 an Hungarian American mathematician John Von Neumann, he ask over himself that, if a single computer work out a problem in ten seconds, can ten computers solve problem in one second but he documented the need of parallelism in computers so as to solve problems.
FORMS OF PARALLEL COMPUTING
There are at least about four forms of parallel computing presented in our presentation as
(i)BIT LEVEL PARALLELISM.
-Is a form of parallel computing based on increasing processor word size as the number of bits in a word (the word size or word length)
Instruction Level Parallelism:- Is when how many of the operations in a computer program can be performed simultaneously eg: a+b=e, c+d=f, e*f=g or a=b=e, c+d=f, g*i=h
(ii)INSTRUCTION LEVEL PARALLELISM.
- is a measure of how many of the operations in a computer program can be performed simultaneously or at the same time at once.
(iii)DATA PARALLELISM.
- Also known as loop-level parallelism as a form of parallelization of computing across multiple processors in parallel computing environments. Data parallelism focuses on distributing the data across various parallel computing peripherals. It contrasts to task parallelism as another form of parallelism.
(iv)TASK PARALLELISM
-also known as function parallelism and control parallelism is a form of parallelization of computer code across multiple processors in parallel computing environments. Task parallelism focuses on distributing execution processes (threads) across different parallel computing nodes. It contrasts to data parallelism as another form of parallelism.
USES PARALLEL COMPUTING
(i)ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING e.g. circuit design.
In this field parallel computing can be able to design various circuits and use the in our home house.
(ii)COMPUTER SCIENCE e.g. Mathematics manipulation.
Also in the field of computer science as used in calculation and manipulation of mathematics in our dairy life.
(iii)PHYSICS APPLIED e.g. nuclear atoms.
Also in most of laboratory many physicians use parallel computer in making nuclear atom bombs.
IMPORTANCE PARALLEL COMPUTING
(i)IT SAVES TIME.
-It does not need amount of time in executing the programs
(ii)DATA SHARING
-where resources are passing from one person to another and accomplish the whole purpose through parallelisms.
(iii)SOLVE COMPLEX THINGS
-Also helps in solving most of the larger problems into small usable ones.
(iv)PROVIDE CONCURRENCY.
-In this field of computing of parallelism helps us to execute the concatenated inputs into a single result.
CHALLENGES
(i)Very expensive as highly price
-it needs more amount of money to accomplish the field of parallelism
(ii)Increases traffic on the shared memory-CPU’s path.
(iii)There must be a programmer to ensure correct access of global memory
TERMINATION
Apart from the challenges mentioned above, parallel computing is important because it took less time to execute a problem, sharing information and solving large problems
Refference
(i)htt://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/computing.
(ii)Leadbetter chips,2004.Computer studies and information technology. Cambridge university.
(iii)Computing.llnl.gov/tutorials/parallel comp/
By Venance
This is one of the presentations that was shortly clearly in concept presented by
Mariam mwakisisile.&
Abdallah r. sasya
INTRODUCTION
The concept of parallel computing habitually, software has been written in serial computations where by to be run on a single computer we should have to get a single Central Processing Unity (CPU).
(a)CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT
By definition is an integrated electronic device which understands commands as instructions to the computer, performs the logical and arithmetic processing operations, and foundation of the input and output operations to transpire or come around.
MEANING
Is a form of computation in which many calculations are carried out simultaneously, operating on the principle that large problems can often be divided into smaller ones, which are then solved concurrently “in parallel”
AIM AND IDEA OF PARALLEL COMPUTING
The ever increasing need of computing power has traditionally been fulfilled by producing new more powerful processors Physical limits restrict the growth so as can help us in computation of many calculation simultaneously. As a result on 1947 an Hungarian American mathematician John Von Neumann, he ask over himself that, if a single computer work out a problem in ten seconds, can ten computers solve problem in one second but he documented the need of parallelism in computers so as to solve problems.
FORMS OF PARALLEL COMPUTING
There are at least about four forms of parallel computing presented in our presentation as
(i)BIT LEVEL PARALLELISM.
-Is a form of parallel computing based on increasing processor word size as the number of bits in a word (the word size or word length)
Instruction Level Parallelism:- Is when how many of the operations in a computer program can be performed simultaneously eg: a+b=e, c+d=f, e*f=g or a=b=e, c+d=f, g*i=h
(ii)INSTRUCTION LEVEL PARALLELISM.
- is a measure of how many of the operations in a computer program can be performed simultaneously or at the same time at once.
(iii)DATA PARALLELISM.
- Also known as loop-level parallelism as a form of parallelization of computing across multiple processors in parallel computing environments. Data parallelism focuses on distributing the data across various parallel computing peripherals. It contrasts to task parallelism as another form of parallelism.
(iv)TASK PARALLELISM
-also known as function parallelism and control parallelism is a form of parallelization of computer code across multiple processors in parallel computing environments. Task parallelism focuses on distributing execution processes (threads) across different parallel computing nodes. It contrasts to data parallelism as another form of parallelism.
USES PARALLEL COMPUTING
(i)ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING e.g. circuit design.
In this field parallel computing can be able to design various circuits and use the in our home house.
(ii)COMPUTER SCIENCE e.g. Mathematics manipulation.
Also in the field of computer science as used in calculation and manipulation of mathematics in our dairy life.
(iii)PHYSICS APPLIED e.g. nuclear atoms.
Also in most of laboratory many physicians use parallel computer in making nuclear atom bombs.
IMPORTANCE PARALLEL COMPUTING
(i)IT SAVES TIME.
-It does not need amount of time in executing the programs
(ii)DATA SHARING
-where resources are passing from one person to another and accomplish the whole purpose through parallelisms.
(iii)SOLVE COMPLEX THINGS
-Also helps in solving most of the larger problems into small usable ones.
(iv)PROVIDE CONCURRENCY.
-In this field of computing of parallelism helps us to execute the concatenated inputs into a single result.
CHALLENGES
(i)Very expensive as highly price
-it needs more amount of money to accomplish the field of parallelism
(ii)Increases traffic on the shared memory-CPU’s path.
(iii)There must be a programmer to ensure correct access of global memory
TERMINATION
Apart from the challenges mentioned above, parallel computing is important because it took less time to execute a problem, sharing information and solving large problems
Refference
(i)htt://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/computing.
(ii)Leadbetter chips,2004.Computer studies and information technology. Cambridge university.
(iii)Computing.llnl.gov/tutorials/parallel comp/
By Venance
USABILITY ENGINEERING AND HUMAN COMPUTER INTERACTION
Introduction:
This Topic was presented by
Mr. Innocent Kihaka &
Mr. Side S. Side.
Actually to my opinions I can say it was the best presentation among the best presentations which have already presented 27/04/2009 the topic was good and well understood.Before going deeper to this topic let us have a look on some important terminologies which used in this topic which might confuse sometimes if not used well.Usability; This usability means that something can be very easy to use but not necessary to be usefully. It is normally user friendly.Usefulness; Usefulness means that something is very useful but it is very difficult to use i.e. not user friendly.
MEANING
USABILITY ENGINEERING AND HUMAN COMPUTER INTERACTION.
(a)Usability engineering (UE):
-Is the performance of just beginning a system which is interactive, usable or meets the needs of users
(b)Human computer interaction (HCI):
-Is the discipline which deal with the study of interaction between users and computers
(i)Usability:
-Is a classification that takes description of consumers’ capability, restrictions and requirements.It's difficult these days to find a bad word about usability.
Also Usability is a buzz word and making a site more usable is all the rage. And rightfully so, because most sites really boast uncanny interfaces and require too much hassle to get what you want. Usability experts will spend hours of arguing and drawing just so we have to click only once instead of twice, without making it any more confusing.
(ii)Usefulness:
For an interactive system to be useful it should be objective core for example quality is useful and this is making something that is easy enough to perform, without making it too easy and creating clutter for the visitor. Usability remains a good thing, but not to the point where the quality of the task drops below a certain level. In that sense, usability can be a lot like commercials, driving the users to perform a task without considering the actual value. It often leaves them with a lot of things they don't actually need. I'll finish up with the solution I found to make my rss tool useful again. I simply store my rss feeds in folders by category, making it a little more work to add them to my feed program, but at the same time weeding out the feeds I'm not really interested in. The usability decreased a little, but the tool became a lot more useful to me
WHY THIS UE AND HCI?
(i)Enhance the productivity-as its work force is more productive
(ii)reduce training and supportive costs during preparation
(iii)enlarge the customer satisfaction and decreases technophobia
-This is the fear or dislike of advanced technology or complex devices, especially computers
(iv)Reduces unsuccessful and fatal inaccuracy in the system which are protection-crucial
The greater example is in Aircraft which has all its documentation online can cause accident if its interface is not clear. As my fellow students said in this presentation.
HOW UE AND HCI CAN BE ACHIEVED
Approaches of designing products are always based on Product-centred design and User-centred design
(a)PRODUCT-CENTRED DESIGN
Is the manufacture process which does not take an account of the consumer’s needs.
Hypothesis of the product centered design
(i)The consequence of a good design is having manufactured goods operational.
(ii)The product’s specifications are derived from the customer.
(iii)There is no further contact until delivery.
(b)USER-CENTRED DESIGN
Is the propose rehearsal which is rooted in the proposal that consumer must take center -stage in the design of any computer system. Specifically to make human being a focal point that technology should serve rather than the other way round
Hypothesis of the user centered-approach:
(i)The result of a good design is a satisfied user
(ii)The process of design is collaboration between designers and users.
(iii)User and designer are in constant communication during the entire process.
CRITERION OF USER-CENTRED APPROACH
There are so many criteria but according to our presentation I have decide to mention only few of them.
(a)Efficiency
-This is how compassionate the item for consumption in carrying out a certain commission.
(b)Memorability
- This is how easy it is, so as to retain information how the system is used some time ago it has been cultured from the previous.
(c)Learnability
-In this show how straightforward the learning and use the manufactured goods.
(d)Safety
-This is how defensive the consumer from dangerous and undesirable circumstances.
(e)Entertaining
-On how the manufactured goods are for amusement as entertainment then it has to reach that goal and archive them.
(f)Motivating
-From the manufactured goods made, be supposed to give confidence the consumer to prolong working with them.
(g)Visibility
-In this is how links in the interface has to be noticeably visible.
(g)Affordance
-This is how the price of the manufactured goods should narrate to the earnings of the the social order or community
(h)Feedback
-Also in this criterion based on the interface and how to act in response on whatever is completed and furnish accurate proposition.
(i)Colour
-In color tells how item for consumption be supposed to take a financial credit of colour psychology.
CHALLENGES
(i)Hard to get requirements from users who have no technique expertise
This is requiring more experience as expert so as to achieve goals of it.
(ii)Great amount of finance is need in the improvement of new product
This shows how to achieve your goal is easy in usability and human engineering, so it needs more money.
(iii)Difficult to build a system which can go well with all types of consumer and their requirements
FUTURE
(i)Decreasing of costs but increased efficiency of products.
(ii)Increasing innovation in input techniques (i.e., voice, gesture, and pen).
Termination
Usability studies often use the terms useful and usable interchangeably. This article explores the two concepts. My starting point is that usefulness is concerned with functionality, while the usable concept is about user difficulties in accessing functionality. Useful features enable users to "do things" by providing the tools needed to perform specific tasks in contrast, usable features make "doing" easy. Usable is related to the degree of difficulty understanding and using an information system.
Refference
(i)Andrew S, et al.(2008).The human- computer interaction handbook: Fundamentals evolving technologies.
(ii)Stuart C, et al. (1983). The Psychology of Human-Computer Interaction.
(iii)Brad A, et al (1998).A belief History of Human-Computer Interaction Technology.
(iv)Don Norman, (1998).The Invisible Computer; Cambridge MA, MIT press
By Venance.
This Topic was presented by
Mr. Innocent Kihaka &
Mr. Side S. Side.
Actually to my opinions I can say it was the best presentation among the best presentations which have already presented 27/04/2009 the topic was good and well understood.Before going deeper to this topic let us have a look on some important terminologies which used in this topic which might confuse sometimes if not used well.Usability; This usability means that something can be very easy to use but not necessary to be usefully. It is normally user friendly.Usefulness; Usefulness means that something is very useful but it is very difficult to use i.e. not user friendly.
MEANING
USABILITY ENGINEERING AND HUMAN COMPUTER INTERACTION.
(a)Usability engineering (UE):
-Is the performance of just beginning a system which is interactive, usable or meets the needs of users
(b)Human computer interaction (HCI):
-Is the discipline which deal with the study of interaction between users and computers
(i)Usability:
-Is a classification that takes description of consumers’ capability, restrictions and requirements.It's difficult these days to find a bad word about usability.
Also Usability is a buzz word and making a site more usable is all the rage. And rightfully so, because most sites really boast uncanny interfaces and require too much hassle to get what you want. Usability experts will spend hours of arguing and drawing just so we have to click only once instead of twice, without making it any more confusing.
(ii)Usefulness:
For an interactive system to be useful it should be objective core for example quality is useful and this is making something that is easy enough to perform, without making it too easy and creating clutter for the visitor. Usability remains a good thing, but not to the point where the quality of the task drops below a certain level. In that sense, usability can be a lot like commercials, driving the users to perform a task without considering the actual value. It often leaves them with a lot of things they don't actually need. I'll finish up with the solution I found to make my rss tool useful again. I simply store my rss feeds in folders by category, making it a little more work to add them to my feed program, but at the same time weeding out the feeds I'm not really interested in. The usability decreased a little, but the tool became a lot more useful to me
WHY THIS UE AND HCI?
(i)Enhance the productivity-as its work force is more productive
(ii)reduce training and supportive costs during preparation
(iii)enlarge the customer satisfaction and decreases technophobia
-This is the fear or dislike of advanced technology or complex devices, especially computers
(iv)Reduces unsuccessful and fatal inaccuracy in the system which are protection-crucial
The greater example is in Aircraft which has all its documentation online can cause accident if its interface is not clear. As my fellow students said in this presentation.
HOW UE AND HCI CAN BE ACHIEVED
Approaches of designing products are always based on Product-centred design and User-centred design
(a)PRODUCT-CENTRED DESIGN
Is the manufacture process which does not take an account of the consumer’s needs.
Hypothesis of the product centered design
(i)The consequence of a good design is having manufactured goods operational.
(ii)The product’s specifications are derived from the customer.
(iii)There is no further contact until delivery.
(b)USER-CENTRED DESIGN
Is the propose rehearsal which is rooted in the proposal that consumer must take center -stage in the design of any computer system. Specifically to make human being a focal point that technology should serve rather than the other way round
Hypothesis of the user centered-approach:
(i)The result of a good design is a satisfied user
(ii)The process of design is collaboration between designers and users.
(iii)User and designer are in constant communication during the entire process.
CRITERION OF USER-CENTRED APPROACH
There are so many criteria but according to our presentation I have decide to mention only few of them.
(a)Efficiency
-This is how compassionate the item for consumption in carrying out a certain commission.
(b)Memorability
- This is how easy it is, so as to retain information how the system is used some time ago it has been cultured from the previous.
(c)Learnability
-In this show how straightforward the learning and use the manufactured goods.
(d)Safety
-This is how defensive the consumer from dangerous and undesirable circumstances.
(e)Entertaining
-On how the manufactured goods are for amusement as entertainment then it has to reach that goal and archive them.
(f)Motivating
-From the manufactured goods made, be supposed to give confidence the consumer to prolong working with them.
(g)Visibility
-In this is how links in the interface has to be noticeably visible.
(g)Affordance
-This is how the price of the manufactured goods should narrate to the earnings of the the social order or community
(h)Feedback
-Also in this criterion based on the interface and how to act in response on whatever is completed and furnish accurate proposition.
(i)Colour
-In color tells how item for consumption be supposed to take a financial credit of colour psychology.
CHALLENGES
(i)Hard to get requirements from users who have no technique expertise
This is requiring more experience as expert so as to achieve goals of it.
(ii)Great amount of finance is need in the improvement of new product
This shows how to achieve your goal is easy in usability and human engineering, so it needs more money.
(iii)Difficult to build a system which can go well with all types of consumer and their requirements
FUTURE
(i)Decreasing of costs but increased efficiency of products.
(ii)Increasing innovation in input techniques (i.e., voice, gesture, and pen).
Termination
Usability studies often use the terms useful and usable interchangeably. This article explores the two concepts. My starting point is that usefulness is concerned with functionality, while the usable concept is about user difficulties in accessing functionality. Useful features enable users to "do things" by providing the tools needed to perform specific tasks in contrast, usable features make "doing" easy. Usable is related to the degree of difficulty understanding and using an information system.
Refference
(i)Andrew S, et al.(2008).The human- computer interaction handbook: Fundamentals evolving technologies.
(ii)Stuart C, et al. (1983). The Psychology of Human-Computer Interaction.
(iii)Brad A, et al (1998).A belief History of Human-Computer Interaction Technology.
(iv)Don Norman, (1998).The Invisible Computer; Cambridge MA, MIT press
By Venance.
25 Apr 2009
IMAGE COMPRESION
Very curiosity on the presented topic of Image compression by my fellow citizen students of Tumaini University.
Ms Zuena Mgova
Mr. Justine L. Ngimba &
By 20th/april/2009, the presented topic is well comprehended. In Image compression I have comes to recognized that is good and very applicable in most of industrial countries especially in most Photoshop’s. Picture managements and processing so as to reduce the content size of images / pictures.
Meaning.
Image compression is reducing the size in bytes of a graphics file without degrading the quality of the image to an unacceptable level. The lessening in file size allows more images to be stored in a given amount of disk or memory space.
Types of image compression.
(a)Lossless compressionImage compression as the Lossless density of image from time to time can be applicable in most of the technical portrayal for drawing of image and reduction of its size after being scanned, icon or cartoon strips are also reduced their size in most of the digital pictures and videos. This is suitable for artificial images of high value content, such as medical imagery or image scans made for archival purposes
(b)Lossy compression
Is to lower the resolution of an image, as in image scaling, particularly decimation and
Method of one, where compressing data and then decompressing it retrieves data that may well be different from the original, but is close enough to be useful in some way.
Commonly used to compress multimedia data (audio, video, still images), especially in applications such as streaming media and internet telephony
IMAGE FORMAT.
There several types of image format which mostly used includes:-GIF, this is superior in image quality; file size does significantly better on images with only a few distinct colors,
Such as line drawings and simple cartoons but stands for Graphical Interchange Format.PNG specification explains its basic rationale thus: The PNG format provides a portable, legally unencumbered, well-compressed, well-specified standard of image and stands for Portable network graphics
(i)BMP (Bitmap) - is the native bitmap file format of the Microsoft Windows environment.It efficiently stores mapped or unmapped RGB graphics data with pixels,
(ii)BMP is an excellent choice for a simple bitmap format which supports a wide range of RGB image data in which can be stored raw or compressed using a4-bit or 8-bit RLE data compression algorithm
(iii)TIFF (Tagged Image File Format) - The TIFF format was formerly owned and maintained by the Aldus Developer'sAssociation. Aldus has since merged with Adobe Systems and now the Adobe Developers Association (ADA) maintains the TIFF file format. You may obtain aCopy of the TIFF specification in most of PDF formats.
(iv)JPEG, this is a standardized image compression mechanism which stands for Joint Photographic Experts Group.
ADVANTAGES OF IMAGE COMPRESSION.
(i)Condense the data storage necessities
-In reduction of size helps us about more space during data storage and other information which replaces most of the storage legroom required by the whole image.
(ii)Compact the time of images during downloading and uploading process.
-It is true that compression of image contents but remaining of good resolutions is possible to take a little amount time during download and upload of image formats, such as in E-mail attachment, Web pages, Photo sharing websites ctc.
DISADVANTAGES OF IMAGE COMPRESSION.
(i)Interference of data properties
-The process of image decrease always disturbs the equilibrium of image properties as the results can lead to look in bad resolution pictures.
(ii)rim down reliability of image records
-This lie down in most of image information where people are able to keep on records of reliable or quality image compression.
(iii)Time consuming.
-The process of compressing image take a long process as in consuming a lot of time being used in other productive activities lather than in image compressing
(iv)Dropdown of in sequence or bits.
-This faced in most of digital devices where most of image is countable by the number of bit as converted in pixels and percents of the image size.
CHALLENGES OF IMAGE COMPRESSION
(i)Bad image / picture resolution
(ii)Insuffient funds for controlling the process
(iii)Poor knowledge of reducing the amount size of image
HOW TO OVERCOME / MINIMIZE THE CHALLENGES
Firstly, we have to know that in compressing an image, start from the original image since compression from compressed image leads to poor image quality, so we are supposed not to save to the new format if we think that we need to still proceed in compressing and image.
Secondly, In order to compress the amount size of image we have to get at least a little knowledge on how to do as well as enough funds for buying the facilities like computer, scanners, Cameras (Digitals).
TERMINATION,
Although one main goal of digital audio perceptual coders is data reduction, this is not a necessary characteristic. As we know, perceptual coding can be used to improve the representation of digital audio through advanced bit allocation as image compression concerned.
Refference
(i)Koff, D., Shulman, Harry, An Overview of Digital Compression of Medical Images: Can We Use Lossy Image Compression in Radiology?, CARJ vol 57, No 4, October 2006
(ii)Brislawn, C. M., and Quirk M.D. Image compression with the JPEG-2000 standard. In: Encyclopedia of Optical Engineering. Driggers, R.D., eds, New York: Marcel Dekker; 2003 pp 780-785.
(iii)JPEG2000 Lossless and Lossy Compression of Continuous-Tone and Bi-level Still Images," 1999.
(iv)"Information Technology—Digital Compression and Coding of Continuous-Tone Still Images.“
(v)http://www.tangotools.com/jpegsizer/features.htm
(vi)http://www.scartips.com
(vi)http://www.htmlgoodies.com/tutorials
By Venance
Ms Zuena Mgova
Mr. Justine L. Ngimba &
By 20th/april/2009, the presented topic is well comprehended. In Image compression I have comes to recognized that is good and very applicable in most of industrial countries especially in most Photoshop’s. Picture managements and processing so as to reduce the content size of images / pictures.
Meaning.
Image compression is reducing the size in bytes of a graphics file without degrading the quality of the image to an unacceptable level. The lessening in file size allows more images to be stored in a given amount of disk or memory space.
Types of image compression.
(a)Lossless compressionImage compression as the Lossless density of image from time to time can be applicable in most of the technical portrayal for drawing of image and reduction of its size after being scanned, icon or cartoon strips are also reduced their size in most of the digital pictures and videos. This is suitable for artificial images of high value content, such as medical imagery or image scans made for archival purposes
(b)Lossy compression
Is to lower the resolution of an image, as in image scaling, particularly decimation and
Method of one, where compressing data and then decompressing it retrieves data that may well be different from the original, but is close enough to be useful in some way.
Commonly used to compress multimedia data (audio, video, still images), especially in applications such as streaming media and internet telephony
IMAGE FORMAT.
There several types of image format which mostly used includes:-GIF, this is superior in image quality; file size does significantly better on images with only a few distinct colors,
Such as line drawings and simple cartoons but stands for Graphical Interchange Format.PNG specification explains its basic rationale thus: The PNG format provides a portable, legally unencumbered, well-compressed, well-specified standard of image and stands for Portable network graphics
(i)BMP (Bitmap) - is the native bitmap file format of the Microsoft Windows environment.It efficiently stores mapped or unmapped RGB graphics data with pixels,
(ii)BMP is an excellent choice for a simple bitmap format which supports a wide range of RGB image data in which can be stored raw or compressed using a4-bit or 8-bit RLE data compression algorithm
(iii)TIFF (Tagged Image File Format) - The TIFF format was formerly owned and maintained by the Aldus Developer'sAssociation. Aldus has since merged with Adobe Systems and now the Adobe Developers Association (ADA) maintains the TIFF file format. You may obtain aCopy of the TIFF specification in most of PDF formats.
(iv)JPEG, this is a standardized image compression mechanism which stands for Joint Photographic Experts Group.
ADVANTAGES OF IMAGE COMPRESSION.
(i)Condense the data storage necessities
-In reduction of size helps us about more space during data storage and other information which replaces most of the storage legroom required by the whole image.
(ii)Compact the time of images during downloading and uploading process.
-It is true that compression of image contents but remaining of good resolutions is possible to take a little amount time during download and upload of image formats, such as in E-mail attachment, Web pages, Photo sharing websites ctc.
DISADVANTAGES OF IMAGE COMPRESSION.
(i)Interference of data properties
-The process of image decrease always disturbs the equilibrium of image properties as the results can lead to look in bad resolution pictures.
(ii)rim down reliability of image records
-This lie down in most of image information where people are able to keep on records of reliable or quality image compression.
(iii)Time consuming.
-The process of compressing image take a long process as in consuming a lot of time being used in other productive activities lather than in image compressing
(iv)Dropdown of in sequence or bits.
-This faced in most of digital devices where most of image is countable by the number of bit as converted in pixels and percents of the image size.
CHALLENGES OF IMAGE COMPRESSION
(i)Bad image / picture resolution
(ii)Insuffient funds for controlling the process
(iii)Poor knowledge of reducing the amount size of image
HOW TO OVERCOME / MINIMIZE THE CHALLENGES
Firstly, we have to know that in compressing an image, start from the original image since compression from compressed image leads to poor image quality, so we are supposed not to save to the new format if we think that we need to still proceed in compressing and image.
Secondly, In order to compress the amount size of image we have to get at least a little knowledge on how to do as well as enough funds for buying the facilities like computer, scanners, Cameras (Digitals).
TERMINATION,
Although one main goal of digital audio perceptual coders is data reduction, this is not a necessary characteristic. As we know, perceptual coding can be used to improve the representation of digital audio through advanced bit allocation as image compression concerned.
Refference
(i)Koff, D., Shulman, Harry, An Overview of Digital Compression of Medical Images: Can We Use Lossy Image Compression in Radiology?, CARJ vol 57, No 4, October 2006
(ii)Brislawn, C. M., and Quirk M.D. Image compression with the JPEG-2000 standard. In: Encyclopedia of Optical Engineering. Driggers, R.D., eds, New York: Marcel Dekker; 2003 pp 780-785.
(iii)JPEG2000 Lossless and Lossy Compression of Continuous-Tone and Bi-level Still Images," 1999.
(iv)"Information Technology—Digital Compression and Coding of Continuous-Tone Still Images.“
(v)http://www.tangotools.com/jpegsizer/features.htm
(vi)http://www.scartips.com
(vi)http://www.htmlgoodies.com/tutorials
By Venance
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