LEARNING DIARY ON PARALLEL COMPUTING
This is one of the presentations that was shortly clearly in concept presented by
Mariam mwakisisile.&
Abdallah r. sasya
INTRODUCTION
The concept of parallel computing habitually, software has been written in serial computations where by to be run on a single computer we should have to get a single Central Processing Unity (CPU).
(a)CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT
By definition is an integrated electronic device which understands commands as instructions to the computer, performs the logical and arithmetic processing operations, and foundation of the input and output operations to transpire or come around.
MEANING
Is a form of computation in which many calculations are carried out simultaneously, operating on the principle that large problems can often be divided into smaller ones, which are then solved concurrently “in parallel”
AIM AND IDEA OF PARALLEL COMPUTING
The ever increasing need of computing power has traditionally been fulfilled by producing new more powerful processors Physical limits restrict the growth so as can help us in computation of many calculation simultaneously. As a result on 1947 an Hungarian American mathematician John Von Neumann, he ask over himself that, if a single computer work out a problem in ten seconds, can ten computers solve problem in one second but he documented the need of parallelism in computers so as to solve problems.
FORMS OF PARALLEL COMPUTING
There are at least about four forms of parallel computing presented in our presentation as
(i)BIT LEVEL PARALLELISM.
-Is a form of parallel computing based on increasing processor word size as the number of bits in a word (the word size or word length)
Instruction Level Parallelism:- Is when how many of the operations in a computer program can be performed simultaneously eg: a+b=e, c+d=f, e*f=g or a=b=e, c+d=f, g*i=h
(ii)INSTRUCTION LEVEL PARALLELISM.
- is a measure of how many of the operations in a computer program can be performed simultaneously or at the same time at once.
(iii)DATA PARALLELISM.
- Also known as loop-level parallelism as a form of parallelization of computing across multiple processors in parallel computing environments. Data parallelism focuses on distributing the data across various parallel computing peripherals. It contrasts to task parallelism as another form of parallelism.
(iv)TASK PARALLELISM
-also known as function parallelism and control parallelism is a form of parallelization of computer code across multiple processors in parallel computing environments. Task parallelism focuses on distributing execution processes (threads) across different parallel computing nodes. It contrasts to data parallelism as another form of parallelism.
USES PARALLEL COMPUTING
(i)ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING e.g. circuit design.
In this field parallel computing can be able to design various circuits and use the in our home house.
(ii)COMPUTER SCIENCE e.g. Mathematics manipulation.
Also in the field of computer science as used in calculation and manipulation of mathematics in our dairy life.
(iii)PHYSICS APPLIED e.g. nuclear atoms.
Also in most of laboratory many physicians use parallel computer in making nuclear atom bombs.
IMPORTANCE PARALLEL COMPUTING
(i)IT SAVES TIME.
-It does not need amount of time in executing the programs
(ii)DATA SHARING
-where resources are passing from one person to another and accomplish the whole purpose through parallelisms.
(iii)SOLVE COMPLEX THINGS
-Also helps in solving most of the larger problems into small usable ones.
(iv)PROVIDE CONCURRENCY.
-In this field of computing of parallelism helps us to execute the concatenated inputs into a single result.
CHALLENGES
(i)Very expensive as highly price
-it needs more amount of money to accomplish the field of parallelism
(ii)Increases traffic on the shared memory-CPU’s path.
(iii)There must be a programmer to ensure correct access of global memory
TERMINATION
Apart from the challenges mentioned above, parallel computing is important because it took less time to execute a problem, sharing information and solving large problems
Refference
(i)htt://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/computing.
(ii)Leadbetter chips,2004.Computer studies and information technology. Cambridge university.
(iii)Computing.llnl.gov/tutorials/parallel comp/
By Venance
1 Jun 2009
USABILITY ENGINEERING AND HUMAN COMPUTER INTERACTION
Introduction:
This Topic was presented by
Mr. Innocent Kihaka &
Mr. Side S. Side.
Actually to my opinions I can say it was the best presentation among the best presentations which have already presented 27/04/2009 the topic was good and well understood.Before going deeper to this topic let us have a look on some important terminologies which used in this topic which might confuse sometimes if not used well.Usability; This usability means that something can be very easy to use but not necessary to be usefully. It is normally user friendly.Usefulness; Usefulness means that something is very useful but it is very difficult to use i.e. not user friendly.
MEANING
USABILITY ENGINEERING AND HUMAN COMPUTER INTERACTION.
(a)Usability engineering (UE):
-Is the performance of just beginning a system which is interactive, usable or meets the needs of users
(b)Human computer interaction (HCI):
-Is the discipline which deal with the study of interaction between users and computers
(i)Usability:
-Is a classification that takes description of consumers’ capability, restrictions and requirements.It's difficult these days to find a bad word about usability.
Also Usability is a buzz word and making a site more usable is all the rage. And rightfully so, because most sites really boast uncanny interfaces and require too much hassle to get what you want. Usability experts will spend hours of arguing and drawing just so we have to click only once instead of twice, without making it any more confusing.
(ii)Usefulness:
For an interactive system to be useful it should be objective core for example quality is useful and this is making something that is easy enough to perform, without making it too easy and creating clutter for the visitor. Usability remains a good thing, but not to the point where the quality of the task drops below a certain level. In that sense, usability can be a lot like commercials, driving the users to perform a task without considering the actual value. It often leaves them with a lot of things they don't actually need. I'll finish up with the solution I found to make my rss tool useful again. I simply store my rss feeds in folders by category, making it a little more work to add them to my feed program, but at the same time weeding out the feeds I'm not really interested in. The usability decreased a little, but the tool became a lot more useful to me
WHY THIS UE AND HCI?
(i)Enhance the productivity-as its work force is more productive
(ii)reduce training and supportive costs during preparation
(iii)enlarge the customer satisfaction and decreases technophobia
-This is the fear or dislike of advanced technology or complex devices, especially computers
(iv)Reduces unsuccessful and fatal inaccuracy in the system which are protection-crucial
The greater example is in Aircraft which has all its documentation online can cause accident if its interface is not clear. As my fellow students said in this presentation.
HOW UE AND HCI CAN BE ACHIEVED
Approaches of designing products are always based on Product-centred design and User-centred design
(a)PRODUCT-CENTRED DESIGN
Is the manufacture process which does not take an account of the consumer’s needs.
Hypothesis of the product centered design
(i)The consequence of a good design is having manufactured goods operational.
(ii)The product’s specifications are derived from the customer.
(iii)There is no further contact until delivery.
(b)USER-CENTRED DESIGN
Is the propose rehearsal which is rooted in the proposal that consumer must take center -stage in the design of any computer system. Specifically to make human being a focal point that technology should serve rather than the other way round
Hypothesis of the user centered-approach:
(i)The result of a good design is a satisfied user
(ii)The process of design is collaboration between designers and users.
(iii)User and designer are in constant communication during the entire process.
CRITERION OF USER-CENTRED APPROACH
There are so many criteria but according to our presentation I have decide to mention only few of them.
(a)Efficiency
-This is how compassionate the item for consumption in carrying out a certain commission.
(b)Memorability
- This is how easy it is, so as to retain information how the system is used some time ago it has been cultured from the previous.
(c)Learnability
-In this show how straightforward the learning and use the manufactured goods.
(d)Safety
-This is how defensive the consumer from dangerous and undesirable circumstances.
(e)Entertaining
-On how the manufactured goods are for amusement as entertainment then it has to reach that goal and archive them.
(f)Motivating
-From the manufactured goods made, be supposed to give confidence the consumer to prolong working with them.
(g)Visibility
-In this is how links in the interface has to be noticeably visible.
(g)Affordance
-This is how the price of the manufactured goods should narrate to the earnings of the the social order or community
(h)Feedback
-Also in this criterion based on the interface and how to act in response on whatever is completed and furnish accurate proposition.
(i)Colour
-In color tells how item for consumption be supposed to take a financial credit of colour psychology.
CHALLENGES
(i)Hard to get requirements from users who have no technique expertise
This is requiring more experience as expert so as to achieve goals of it.
(ii)Great amount of finance is need in the improvement of new product
This shows how to achieve your goal is easy in usability and human engineering, so it needs more money.
(iii)Difficult to build a system which can go well with all types of consumer and their requirements
FUTURE
(i)Decreasing of costs but increased efficiency of products.
(ii)Increasing innovation in input techniques (i.e., voice, gesture, and pen).
Termination
Usability studies often use the terms useful and usable interchangeably. This article explores the two concepts. My starting point is that usefulness is concerned with functionality, while the usable concept is about user difficulties in accessing functionality. Useful features enable users to "do things" by providing the tools needed to perform specific tasks in contrast, usable features make "doing" easy. Usable is related to the degree of difficulty understanding and using an information system.
Refference
(i)Andrew S, et al.(2008).The human- computer interaction handbook: Fundamentals evolving technologies.
(ii)Stuart C, et al. (1983). The Psychology of Human-Computer Interaction.
(iii)Brad A, et al (1998).A belief History of Human-Computer Interaction Technology.
(iv)Don Norman, (1998).The Invisible Computer; Cambridge MA, MIT press
By Venance.
This Topic was presented by
Mr. Innocent Kihaka &
Mr. Side S. Side.
Actually to my opinions I can say it was the best presentation among the best presentations which have already presented 27/04/2009 the topic was good and well understood.Before going deeper to this topic let us have a look on some important terminologies which used in this topic which might confuse sometimes if not used well.Usability; This usability means that something can be very easy to use but not necessary to be usefully. It is normally user friendly.Usefulness; Usefulness means that something is very useful but it is very difficult to use i.e. not user friendly.
MEANING
USABILITY ENGINEERING AND HUMAN COMPUTER INTERACTION.
(a)Usability engineering (UE):
-Is the performance of just beginning a system which is interactive, usable or meets the needs of users
(b)Human computer interaction (HCI):
-Is the discipline which deal with the study of interaction between users and computers
(i)Usability:
-Is a classification that takes description of consumers’ capability, restrictions and requirements.It's difficult these days to find a bad word about usability.
Also Usability is a buzz word and making a site more usable is all the rage. And rightfully so, because most sites really boast uncanny interfaces and require too much hassle to get what you want. Usability experts will spend hours of arguing and drawing just so we have to click only once instead of twice, without making it any more confusing.
(ii)Usefulness:
For an interactive system to be useful it should be objective core for example quality is useful and this is making something that is easy enough to perform, without making it too easy and creating clutter for the visitor. Usability remains a good thing, but not to the point where the quality of the task drops below a certain level. In that sense, usability can be a lot like commercials, driving the users to perform a task without considering the actual value. It often leaves them with a lot of things they don't actually need. I'll finish up with the solution I found to make my rss tool useful again. I simply store my rss feeds in folders by category, making it a little more work to add them to my feed program, but at the same time weeding out the feeds I'm not really interested in. The usability decreased a little, but the tool became a lot more useful to me
WHY THIS UE AND HCI?
(i)Enhance the productivity-as its work force is more productive
(ii)reduce training and supportive costs during preparation
(iii)enlarge the customer satisfaction and decreases technophobia
-This is the fear or dislike of advanced technology or complex devices, especially computers
(iv)Reduces unsuccessful and fatal inaccuracy in the system which are protection-crucial
The greater example is in Aircraft which has all its documentation online can cause accident if its interface is not clear. As my fellow students said in this presentation.
HOW UE AND HCI CAN BE ACHIEVED
Approaches of designing products are always based on Product-centred design and User-centred design
(a)PRODUCT-CENTRED DESIGN
Is the manufacture process which does not take an account of the consumer’s needs.
Hypothesis of the product centered design
(i)The consequence of a good design is having manufactured goods operational.
(ii)The product’s specifications are derived from the customer.
(iii)There is no further contact until delivery.
(b)USER-CENTRED DESIGN
Is the propose rehearsal which is rooted in the proposal that consumer must take center -stage in the design of any computer system. Specifically to make human being a focal point that technology should serve rather than the other way round
Hypothesis of the user centered-approach:
(i)The result of a good design is a satisfied user
(ii)The process of design is collaboration between designers and users.
(iii)User and designer are in constant communication during the entire process.
CRITERION OF USER-CENTRED APPROACH
There are so many criteria but according to our presentation I have decide to mention only few of them.
(a)Efficiency
-This is how compassionate the item for consumption in carrying out a certain commission.
(b)Memorability
- This is how easy it is, so as to retain information how the system is used some time ago it has been cultured from the previous.
(c)Learnability
-In this show how straightforward the learning and use the manufactured goods.
(d)Safety
-This is how defensive the consumer from dangerous and undesirable circumstances.
(e)Entertaining
-On how the manufactured goods are for amusement as entertainment then it has to reach that goal and archive them.
(f)Motivating
-From the manufactured goods made, be supposed to give confidence the consumer to prolong working with them.
(g)Visibility
-In this is how links in the interface has to be noticeably visible.
(g)Affordance
-This is how the price of the manufactured goods should narrate to the earnings of the the social order or community
(h)Feedback
-Also in this criterion based on the interface and how to act in response on whatever is completed and furnish accurate proposition.
(i)Colour
-In color tells how item for consumption be supposed to take a financial credit of colour psychology.
CHALLENGES
(i)Hard to get requirements from users who have no technique expertise
This is requiring more experience as expert so as to achieve goals of it.
(ii)Great amount of finance is need in the improvement of new product
This shows how to achieve your goal is easy in usability and human engineering, so it needs more money.
(iii)Difficult to build a system which can go well with all types of consumer and their requirements
FUTURE
(i)Decreasing of costs but increased efficiency of products.
(ii)Increasing innovation in input techniques (i.e., voice, gesture, and pen).
Termination
Usability studies often use the terms useful and usable interchangeably. This article explores the two concepts. My starting point is that usefulness is concerned with functionality, while the usable concept is about user difficulties in accessing functionality. Useful features enable users to "do things" by providing the tools needed to perform specific tasks in contrast, usable features make "doing" easy. Usable is related to the degree of difficulty understanding and using an information system.
Refference
(i)Andrew S, et al.(2008).The human- computer interaction handbook: Fundamentals evolving technologies.
(ii)Stuart C, et al. (1983). The Psychology of Human-Computer Interaction.
(iii)Brad A, et al (1998).A belief History of Human-Computer Interaction Technology.
(iv)Don Norman, (1998).The Invisible Computer; Cambridge MA, MIT press
By Venance.
25 Apr 2009
IMAGE COMPRESION
Very curiosity on the presented topic of Image compression by my fellow citizen students of Tumaini University.
Ms Zuena Mgova
Mr. Justine L. Ngimba &
By 20th/april/2009, the presented topic is well comprehended. In Image compression I have comes to recognized that is good and very applicable in most of industrial countries especially in most Photoshop’s. Picture managements and processing so as to reduce the content size of images / pictures.
Meaning.
Image compression is reducing the size in bytes of a graphics file without degrading the quality of the image to an unacceptable level. The lessening in file size allows more images to be stored in a given amount of disk or memory space.
Types of image compression.
(a)Lossless compressionImage compression as the Lossless density of image from time to time can be applicable in most of the technical portrayal for drawing of image and reduction of its size after being scanned, icon or cartoon strips are also reduced their size in most of the digital pictures and videos. This is suitable for artificial images of high value content, such as medical imagery or image scans made for archival purposes
(b)Lossy compression
Is to lower the resolution of an image, as in image scaling, particularly decimation and
Method of one, where compressing data and then decompressing it retrieves data that may well be different from the original, but is close enough to be useful in some way.
Commonly used to compress multimedia data (audio, video, still images), especially in applications such as streaming media and internet telephony
IMAGE FORMAT.
There several types of image format which mostly used includes:-GIF, this is superior in image quality; file size does significantly better on images with only a few distinct colors,
Such as line drawings and simple cartoons but stands for Graphical Interchange Format.PNG specification explains its basic rationale thus: The PNG format provides a portable, legally unencumbered, well-compressed, well-specified standard of image and stands for Portable network graphics
(i)BMP (Bitmap) - is the native bitmap file format of the Microsoft Windows environment.It efficiently stores mapped or unmapped RGB graphics data with pixels,
(ii)BMP is an excellent choice for a simple bitmap format which supports a wide range of RGB image data in which can be stored raw or compressed using a4-bit or 8-bit RLE data compression algorithm
(iii)TIFF (Tagged Image File Format) - The TIFF format was formerly owned and maintained by the Aldus Developer'sAssociation. Aldus has since merged with Adobe Systems and now the Adobe Developers Association (ADA) maintains the TIFF file format. You may obtain aCopy of the TIFF specification in most of PDF formats.
(iv)JPEG, this is a standardized image compression mechanism which stands for Joint Photographic Experts Group.
ADVANTAGES OF IMAGE COMPRESSION.
(i)Condense the data storage necessities
-In reduction of size helps us about more space during data storage and other information which replaces most of the storage legroom required by the whole image.
(ii)Compact the time of images during downloading and uploading process.
-It is true that compression of image contents but remaining of good resolutions is possible to take a little amount time during download and upload of image formats, such as in E-mail attachment, Web pages, Photo sharing websites ctc.
DISADVANTAGES OF IMAGE COMPRESSION.
(i)Interference of data properties
-The process of image decrease always disturbs the equilibrium of image properties as the results can lead to look in bad resolution pictures.
(ii)rim down reliability of image records
-This lie down in most of image information where people are able to keep on records of reliable or quality image compression.
(iii)Time consuming.
-The process of compressing image take a long process as in consuming a lot of time being used in other productive activities lather than in image compressing
(iv)Dropdown of in sequence or bits.
-This faced in most of digital devices where most of image is countable by the number of bit as converted in pixels and percents of the image size.
CHALLENGES OF IMAGE COMPRESSION
(i)Bad image / picture resolution
(ii)Insuffient funds for controlling the process
(iii)Poor knowledge of reducing the amount size of image
HOW TO OVERCOME / MINIMIZE THE CHALLENGES
Firstly, we have to know that in compressing an image, start from the original image since compression from compressed image leads to poor image quality, so we are supposed not to save to the new format if we think that we need to still proceed in compressing and image.
Secondly, In order to compress the amount size of image we have to get at least a little knowledge on how to do as well as enough funds for buying the facilities like computer, scanners, Cameras (Digitals).
TERMINATION,
Although one main goal of digital audio perceptual coders is data reduction, this is not a necessary characteristic. As we know, perceptual coding can be used to improve the representation of digital audio through advanced bit allocation as image compression concerned.
Refference
(i)Koff, D., Shulman, Harry, An Overview of Digital Compression of Medical Images: Can We Use Lossy Image Compression in Radiology?, CARJ vol 57, No 4, October 2006
(ii)Brislawn, C. M., and Quirk M.D. Image compression with the JPEG-2000 standard. In: Encyclopedia of Optical Engineering. Driggers, R.D., eds, New York: Marcel Dekker; 2003 pp 780-785.
(iii)JPEG2000 Lossless and Lossy Compression of Continuous-Tone and Bi-level Still Images," 1999.
(iv)"Information Technology—Digital Compression and Coding of Continuous-Tone Still Images.“
(v)http://www.tangotools.com/jpegsizer/features.htm
(vi)http://www.scartips.com
(vi)http://www.htmlgoodies.com/tutorials
By Venance
Ms Zuena Mgova
Mr. Justine L. Ngimba &
By 20th/april/2009, the presented topic is well comprehended. In Image compression I have comes to recognized that is good and very applicable in most of industrial countries especially in most Photoshop’s. Picture managements and processing so as to reduce the content size of images / pictures.
Meaning.
Image compression is reducing the size in bytes of a graphics file without degrading the quality of the image to an unacceptable level. The lessening in file size allows more images to be stored in a given amount of disk or memory space.
Types of image compression.
(a)Lossless compressionImage compression as the Lossless density of image from time to time can be applicable in most of the technical portrayal for drawing of image and reduction of its size after being scanned, icon or cartoon strips are also reduced their size in most of the digital pictures and videos. This is suitable for artificial images of high value content, such as medical imagery or image scans made for archival purposes
(b)Lossy compression
Is to lower the resolution of an image, as in image scaling, particularly decimation and
Method of one, where compressing data and then decompressing it retrieves data that may well be different from the original, but is close enough to be useful in some way.
Commonly used to compress multimedia data (audio, video, still images), especially in applications such as streaming media and internet telephony
IMAGE FORMAT.
There several types of image format which mostly used includes:-GIF, this is superior in image quality; file size does significantly better on images with only a few distinct colors,
Such as line drawings and simple cartoons but stands for Graphical Interchange Format.PNG specification explains its basic rationale thus: The PNG format provides a portable, legally unencumbered, well-compressed, well-specified standard of image and stands for Portable network graphics
(i)BMP (Bitmap) - is the native bitmap file format of the Microsoft Windows environment.It efficiently stores mapped or unmapped RGB graphics data with pixels,
(ii)BMP is an excellent choice for a simple bitmap format which supports a wide range of RGB image data in which can be stored raw or compressed using a4-bit or 8-bit RLE data compression algorithm
(iii)TIFF (Tagged Image File Format) - The TIFF format was formerly owned and maintained by the Aldus Developer'sAssociation. Aldus has since merged with Adobe Systems and now the Adobe Developers Association (ADA) maintains the TIFF file format. You may obtain aCopy of the TIFF specification in most of PDF formats.
(iv)JPEG, this is a standardized image compression mechanism which stands for Joint Photographic Experts Group.
ADVANTAGES OF IMAGE COMPRESSION.
(i)Condense the data storage necessities
-In reduction of size helps us about more space during data storage and other information which replaces most of the storage legroom required by the whole image.
(ii)Compact the time of images during downloading and uploading process.
-It is true that compression of image contents but remaining of good resolutions is possible to take a little amount time during download and upload of image formats, such as in E-mail attachment, Web pages, Photo sharing websites ctc.
DISADVANTAGES OF IMAGE COMPRESSION.
(i)Interference of data properties
-The process of image decrease always disturbs the equilibrium of image properties as the results can lead to look in bad resolution pictures.
(ii)rim down reliability of image records
-This lie down in most of image information where people are able to keep on records of reliable or quality image compression.
(iii)Time consuming.
-The process of compressing image take a long process as in consuming a lot of time being used in other productive activities lather than in image compressing
(iv)Dropdown of in sequence or bits.
-This faced in most of digital devices where most of image is countable by the number of bit as converted in pixels and percents of the image size.
CHALLENGES OF IMAGE COMPRESSION
(i)Bad image / picture resolution
(ii)Insuffient funds for controlling the process
(iii)Poor knowledge of reducing the amount size of image
HOW TO OVERCOME / MINIMIZE THE CHALLENGES
Firstly, we have to know that in compressing an image, start from the original image since compression from compressed image leads to poor image quality, so we are supposed not to save to the new format if we think that we need to still proceed in compressing and image.
Secondly, In order to compress the amount size of image we have to get at least a little knowledge on how to do as well as enough funds for buying the facilities like computer, scanners, Cameras (Digitals).
TERMINATION,
Although one main goal of digital audio perceptual coders is data reduction, this is not a necessary characteristic. As we know, perceptual coding can be used to improve the representation of digital audio through advanced bit allocation as image compression concerned.
Refference
(i)Koff, D., Shulman, Harry, An Overview of Digital Compression of Medical Images: Can We Use Lossy Image Compression in Radiology?, CARJ vol 57, No 4, October 2006
(ii)Brislawn, C. M., and Quirk M.D. Image compression with the JPEG-2000 standard. In: Encyclopedia of Optical Engineering. Driggers, R.D., eds, New York: Marcel Dekker; 2003 pp 780-785.
(iii)JPEG2000 Lossless and Lossy Compression of Continuous-Tone and Bi-level Still Images," 1999.
(iv)"Information Technology—Digital Compression and Coding of Continuous-Tone Still Images.“
(v)http://www.tangotools.com/jpegsizer/features.htm
(vi)http://www.scartips.com
(vi)http://www.htmlgoodies.com/tutorials
By Venance
DATA MINING
LEARNING DIARY ON DATA MINING.
Am very interested with the presentation topic of Data Mining which was accessible by
Mr. Joshua Shendu &
Remy Kaaro
On 17/04/2009 there was the occurrence of the presented topic which was the best and well comprehended. This topic is less smooth but I came to appreciate that is excellent and well due to the fact that the presenters were prepared to do their task!
THE MEARNING OF DATA MINING. Data mining.
- Data Mining (also known as Knowledge Discovery) technology helps businesses discover hidden data patterns and provides predictive information which can be applied to benefit the business
Or
-As the process of investigate data from different point of view and shortening it into useful information that can be used to increase income, cuts expenses, or both. Or is the process of finding correlations or patterns among dozens of fields in large relational databases.
Data mining software is analytical tool used for analyzing data and consent to users to examine data from a lot of unusual magnitude or angles, classification, and sum up the associations recognized.
BACKGROUND.
Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery in Databases are terms used interchangeably. Other terms often used are data or information harvesting, data archeology, functional dependency analysis, knowledge extraction and data pattern analysis. A high level definition of Data Mining is: the non-trivial process of identifying valid, novel, potentially useful and ultimately understandable patterns in data. Data mining is not a simple process and there is no tool that can do the job automatically. Data mining can be aided by tools, but it requires both human data mining expertise and human domain expertise. Data mining consists of a number of operations, each of which are supported by a variety of technologies, such as rule induction, neural networks, conceptual clustering. In real world applications information extraction requires the cooperative use of several data mining operations and techniques
STAGES OF DATA MINING
There are three stages of data mining, which are;
(i)Data Exploration
-This stage usually initiates with data arrangements which involve cleaning of data and data transformation into useful ways. In this stage a methodology way in which techniques are manual consumed to find one's way through a data set and bring about imperative aspects of that data into focal point for further investigation.
Though such line of attack can be applied to data sets of any size or types when its manual nature makes it more reasonable for less important data set with especially those in which the data has been carefully gathered and constructed as well.
(ii)Model building and validation: This stage absorb in considering various models and prefer the best one based on their predictive performance can be high-quality for use.
(iii)Deployment:
This is the final stage which involves in using the model selected as best in the previous stage and applying it to new data in order to generate predictions or estimates of the expected outcomes
ADVANTAGES OF DATA MINING
The key reason why Data Mining is such a slogan at the moment is that because many organizations recognized the need to better understand their customers. Data mining can deliver real world results. Data mining has been used for the following types of applications:
(i)Understanding purchasing behaviors of customers
(ii)Detecting credit card or insurance fraud
(iii)Predicting probable changes in financial markets
PROBLEMS OF DATA MINING
One of the problems with data mining software has been the rush of companies to jump on the band wagon as these companies have slapped `data warehouse' labels on traditional transaction-processing products, and co-opted the dictionary of the industry in order to be considered players in this fast-growing category.
Many company Systems have established a criterion for a relational database management system (RDBMS) suitable for data warehousing, and documented specialized requirements for an RDBMS to qualify as a relational data warehouse server. According to most of company system, the requirements for data warehouse RDBMSs begin with the loading and preparation of data for query and analysis. If a product fails to meet the criteria at this stage, the rest of the system will be inaccurate, unreliable and unavailable.
Also Data mining systems rely on databases to supply the raw data for input and this raises problems in that databases tend be dynamic, incomplete, noisy, and large. Other problems arise as a result of the adequacy and relevance of the information stored.
Conclusion
Data mining is typically not used as a business system delivery technology.
Rather it is an extremely powerful and effective set of technologies for analyzing and clustering data which can be used to form the basis of a system
By Venance.
Am very interested with the presentation topic of Data Mining which was accessible by
Mr. Joshua Shendu &
Remy Kaaro
On 17/04/2009 there was the occurrence of the presented topic which was the best and well comprehended. This topic is less smooth but I came to appreciate that is excellent and well due to the fact that the presenters were prepared to do their task!
THE MEARNING OF DATA MINING. Data mining.
- Data Mining (also known as Knowledge Discovery) technology helps businesses discover hidden data patterns and provides predictive information which can be applied to benefit the business
Or
-As the process of investigate data from different point of view and shortening it into useful information that can be used to increase income, cuts expenses, or both. Or is the process of finding correlations or patterns among dozens of fields in large relational databases.
Data mining software is analytical tool used for analyzing data and consent to users to examine data from a lot of unusual magnitude or angles, classification, and sum up the associations recognized.
BACKGROUND.
Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery in Databases are terms used interchangeably. Other terms often used are data or information harvesting, data archeology, functional dependency analysis, knowledge extraction and data pattern analysis. A high level definition of Data Mining is: the non-trivial process of identifying valid, novel, potentially useful and ultimately understandable patterns in data. Data mining is not a simple process and there is no tool that can do the job automatically. Data mining can be aided by tools, but it requires both human data mining expertise and human domain expertise. Data mining consists of a number of operations, each of which are supported by a variety of technologies, such as rule induction, neural networks, conceptual clustering. In real world applications information extraction requires the cooperative use of several data mining operations and techniques
STAGES OF DATA MINING
There are three stages of data mining, which are;
(i)Data Exploration
-This stage usually initiates with data arrangements which involve cleaning of data and data transformation into useful ways. In this stage a methodology way in which techniques are manual consumed to find one's way through a data set and bring about imperative aspects of that data into focal point for further investigation.
Though such line of attack can be applied to data sets of any size or types when its manual nature makes it more reasonable for less important data set with especially those in which the data has been carefully gathered and constructed as well.
(ii)Model building and validation: This stage absorb in considering various models and prefer the best one based on their predictive performance can be high-quality for use.
(iii)Deployment:
This is the final stage which involves in using the model selected as best in the previous stage and applying it to new data in order to generate predictions or estimates of the expected outcomes
ADVANTAGES OF DATA MINING
The key reason why Data Mining is such a slogan at the moment is that because many organizations recognized the need to better understand their customers. Data mining can deliver real world results. Data mining has been used for the following types of applications:
(i)Understanding purchasing behaviors of customers
(ii)Detecting credit card or insurance fraud
(iii)Predicting probable changes in financial markets
PROBLEMS OF DATA MINING
One of the problems with data mining software has been the rush of companies to jump on the band wagon as these companies have slapped `data warehouse' labels on traditional transaction-processing products, and co-opted the dictionary of the industry in order to be considered players in this fast-growing category.
Many company Systems have established a criterion for a relational database management system (RDBMS) suitable for data warehousing, and documented specialized requirements for an RDBMS to qualify as a relational data warehouse server. According to most of company system, the requirements for data warehouse RDBMSs begin with the loading and preparation of data for query and analysis. If a product fails to meet the criteria at this stage, the rest of the system will be inaccurate, unreliable and unavailable.
Also Data mining systems rely on databases to supply the raw data for input and this raises problems in that databases tend be dynamic, incomplete, noisy, and large. Other problems arise as a result of the adequacy and relevance of the information stored.
Conclusion
Data mining is typically not used as a business system delivery technology.
Rather it is an extremely powerful and effective set of technologies for analyzing and clustering data which can be used to form the basis of a system
By Venance.
13 Apr 2009
AUTOMATIC EASY ASSESMENT
AUTOMATIC ESSAY ASSESSMENT
Is the use of an electronic machine to make essay evaluation also this based on e-leaning course of action.
SHORT NARATION OF THE REASEARCH
As proposed during 1960’s by researchers who did the investigation which based on automatic essay assessment .In 1966 the researchers conducted the project called (PEG) which measures:
(a)The total number of words.
In measurement of number of word helps the user to evacuate the required amount in a specific task of presentation.
(b)The length of the essay
While in extent to size/ height / length of an essay helps the tutor to perform his / her commission of marking those coursework.
AIMS OF AUTOMATIC EASSAY ASSESSMENT
(i) Steer clear of plagiarism
This is the situation of taking some one word or ideas and own as yours without any permission from the owner of that property.
(ii) Progressive of marking reliability
Also this was among the aims because it helps the tutors to be consistence to perform well their markings through the use of computers and other devices which simplified the work.
(iii) Prove individualized and detailed feedback to the students
Apart from performing job or task well also it brings more about the comprehensive response the student concerned.
(iv) Make evaluation
In this factor shows how to analyze the out come contents of the assessment of automatic process of essay.
(v) determine the grade
Lastly but not the least it settle on the verification of the scores, ranking, rating and other things of that like as to shoe the top of the billboard.
SOME CRITERION FOR MAKING EVALUATION
During the evaluation of automatic essay assessment the tutor / teachers / lectures / trainer were able to follow the IEA system of describing;
(a) Mechanics
This was the evaluation which based on word choice as the criterion of assessment.
(b) Content
Also the similarity of the course work was preferred the trainers so as to make easy evaluations on grading the scores of the students.
(c) Plagiarism
And the similarity of the words or ideas of two or more people also was considered so as to avoid the breach of copping.
(d) Technique
As style of the same approach is important even in our daily life activities so as to have coherence work style of forthcoming the question
SIGNIFICANCE OF AUTOMATIC ESSAY ASSESSMENT
Always in this section we are only considering in two sides as for
(i)Teachers
(a) It accumulates time in marking procedure
(b) It saves time in making evaluation.
(c) It helps to make a final scorer.
(d) It helps a teacher to be uniformity
(ii) Students
(a) It makes challenges to students to reflect critically.
(b) It provides real feedback to the students.
(c) It looks the qualities of the students work and not comparisons with others.
(c) It support students to reflect learning process
CHALLENGES
(i) Expenditure for manufacture program.
(ii) Reduces accepted wisdom capability of the teacher.
(iii) Require high qualified people on system.
(iv)The written work should be readable by a computer/main frame.
CONCLUSION
The use of automatic essay assessment we have in daily life is applicable for future use of computer to make whole corrections of essay as well.
Refference
(i)T.Kakkonen,alt, (2007). Department of Computer Science and Statistics.University of Joensuu, Finland.
(ii)M.Mozgovoy, alt(2007), Using Natural Language Parsers in Plagiarism Detection. Proceedings of the SLaTE Workshop on Speech and Language Technology in Education. Farmington, Pennsylvania, USA.
(iii) Y,Attali.alt. (2006). Automated essay scoring with e-rater v.2. Journal of Technology,Learning,and assessment.
(iv)www.wikipedia.com
(v)www.4shared.com
By Venance
Is the use of an electronic machine to make essay evaluation also this based on e-leaning course of action.
SHORT NARATION OF THE REASEARCH
As proposed during 1960’s by researchers who did the investigation which based on automatic essay assessment .In 1966 the researchers conducted the project called (PEG) which measures:
(a)The total number of words.
In measurement of number of word helps the user to evacuate the required amount in a specific task of presentation.
(b)The length of the essay
While in extent to size/ height / length of an essay helps the tutor to perform his / her commission of marking those coursework.
AIMS OF AUTOMATIC EASSAY ASSESSMENT
(i) Steer clear of plagiarism
This is the situation of taking some one word or ideas and own as yours without any permission from the owner of that property.
(ii) Progressive of marking reliability
Also this was among the aims because it helps the tutors to be consistence to perform well their markings through the use of computers and other devices which simplified the work.
(iii) Prove individualized and detailed feedback to the students
Apart from performing job or task well also it brings more about the comprehensive response the student concerned.
(iv) Make evaluation
In this factor shows how to analyze the out come contents of the assessment of automatic process of essay.
(v) determine the grade
Lastly but not the least it settle on the verification of the scores, ranking, rating and other things of that like as to shoe the top of the billboard.
SOME CRITERION FOR MAKING EVALUATION
During the evaluation of automatic essay assessment the tutor / teachers / lectures / trainer were able to follow the IEA system of describing;
(a) Mechanics
This was the evaluation which based on word choice as the criterion of assessment.
(b) Content
Also the similarity of the course work was preferred the trainers so as to make easy evaluations on grading the scores of the students.
(c) Plagiarism
And the similarity of the words or ideas of two or more people also was considered so as to avoid the breach of copping.
(d) Technique
As style of the same approach is important even in our daily life activities so as to have coherence work style of forthcoming the question
SIGNIFICANCE OF AUTOMATIC ESSAY ASSESSMENT
Always in this section we are only considering in two sides as for
(i)Teachers
(a) It accumulates time in marking procedure
(b) It saves time in making evaluation.
(c) It helps to make a final scorer.
(d) It helps a teacher to be uniformity
(ii) Students
(a) It makes challenges to students to reflect critically.
(b) It provides real feedback to the students.
(c) It looks the qualities of the students work and not comparisons with others.
(c) It support students to reflect learning process
CHALLENGES
(i) Expenditure for manufacture program.
(ii) Reduces accepted wisdom capability of the teacher.
(iii) Require high qualified people on system.
(iv)The written work should be readable by a computer/main frame.
CONCLUSION
The use of automatic essay assessment we have in daily life is applicable for future use of computer to make whole corrections of essay as well.
Refference
(i)T.Kakkonen,alt, (2007). Department of Computer Science and Statistics.University of Joensuu, Finland.
(ii)M.Mozgovoy, alt(2007), Using Natural Language Parsers in Plagiarism Detection. Proceedings of the SLaTE Workshop on Speech and Language Technology in Education. Farmington, Pennsylvania, USA.
(iii) Y,Attali.alt. (2006). Automated essay scoring with e-rater v.2. Journal of Technology,Learning,and assessment.
(iv)www.wikipedia.com
(v)www.4shared.com
By Venance
11 Apr 2009
SPEAKER RECOGINITION
Name of presenters-Reuben Minael &Benjamin Mkwese
Name of Representer- Venance Luhemeja
Name of the Lecture Prof: Matti Tedre.
Lesson –Research field of computer science.
Introduction of Speaker Recognitions
The term Speaker recognition as the narrator of an amplified sounds or voice so as to make detection of the appreciated or approved sound has been determine in most of we Human being because we are able to be acquainted with someone just by hearing him / her when talking.
By definition!
Speaker recognition is the automatically process of making out distinguish between untruthfully and identified spoken based on his or her sound / voice.
Also speaker recognition has been categorized into two classes as
(a) Speaker Verification
(b) Speaker Identification.
Speaker verification, this is the authentication of sound or voice spoken to make
Proof of the recognized speech
While
Speaker Identification is the detection of sound or voice spoken to make discovery of the recognized speech.
HOW THE SYSTEM OF SPEAKER RECOGNITION WORKS
Firstly after storing of the sound or voice to be recognized, the amplified sound signals are converted from analogy to digital signals and make comparison of both current and previous speech and finally is machine instructions as workout exercise.
SOME REASONS WHY USING SPEAKER RECOGNITION
(i) Security operations
(ii) Access control to restricted services
(iii) Military operations.
Speaker recognition is very significant method using in our daily life tricks due to the fact that it helps us to be secure with our properties and make privacy of our own jobs.
Also helps in our governance community to make peace through hidden information to avoid misinformation and misunderstanding among people and society at all.
And lastly but not the least when military armies attack their enemies helps in secure of their information from enemies.
WHERE SPEAKER RECOGNITION CAN BE USED?
According to our lesson we came to observed that speaker recognition can be used in three different aspects techniques as;
(a)Authentication;
Allows people using to identify themselves nothing else but verification of their voices and sound.
(b)Surveillance;
In security agencies i.e. means of collecting information for inspection and observations as well.
(c)Forensic;
Identification proving of the recorded voice to be recognized by the user.
PROBLEMS OF USING SPEAKER RECOGNITION
Although speaker recognition seems as the best way of making people’s privacy but has got many challenges and bellow are some of challenges;
(i)Determination of the acceptable units of voice / sound
-It difficult to make the same correctly speech of the recorded and that used when doing speech recognition.
(ii)Restriction of signal boundary
-Also is difficult to make limitation of signal units when prepare speaker recognition due to the fact that we human being had variety of speech and sound.
(iii)Variability of sound / voice of speech.
-Also it is to make sound / voice to be vary in different accurate lather than to be in restricted point due to sinusoidal frequency of speech
HOW TO MINIMIZE CHALLENGES?
Although is difficulty to overcome the whole problems of speaker recognition but it can be minimized through various ways as stated below;
(a) Utilize the precisely expressions compulsory.
-it will easy to minimize when we use exactly sound and voices pertaining to recorded one.
(b) Maintain the preserved voice pitch.
-Also we should be supposed to upload or retain the recognized speech.
(c) be conscious of the upbringing circumstances
-We are supposed to understand the recognized order of speech.
Termination;
Speaker recognition is the best way of keeping our privacy securely but don’t make trustfully on that because when despoiled it can led a superior quandary as problems to your either country or company or Government or Army and finally you can be seen as untruthfully person.
Refference
(i)Nolan, F. The Phonetic basis of Speaker Recognition (Cambridge University Press, Cambrige 1983).
(ii)Martin. B.T, Dixon.R.N(1979)Automatic Speech and Speaker Recognition.
(iii)Schroeder. R.M(1985)Speech and Speaker Recognition.
(iv)http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/Speaker_recognition
Prepared by venance.
CRYPTOGRAPHY RESEARCH PROPOSAL
Lesson - Research field of computer science Presentation name - CRYPTOGRAPHY presentatives names- Joseph Uhemba&
Izadin Abdalah
Representative name- Venance Luhemeja
Lecture name - Prof: Matti Tedre
INTRODUCTION TO CRYPTOGRAPHY
Cryptography is the scientific studies of hiding information in term of encrypting and decrypt of either data or information from the conveyer to the aimed/ intended destination person or point.
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF CRYPTOGRAPHY
In early years ago although the technology was less improved the system of cryptography used by Egyptians as tools to protect national secrets and strategies on attachments of their enemies, through which all processes of computer networks, messages were digitally encrypted and decrypted. Different methods were used so as to make communication with their neighbors without exposing their information to be known by their enemies.
(i). Caesar’s Alphabet This was a simple method used by those people in term of substitute cipher – a letter shift behind or forward but in good manners so as to be translated by the destination of that data. I.e. ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ Example instead of writing the name VENANCE We used cipher letter to write YHQDQFH.
(ii) Enigma Also this is the electronically cryptographic machine used to send the hidden information by Egyptians.
AIM OF CRYPTOGRAPHY
(a) SECURITY
It was created purposely with the aim of protecting data or information securely in order to reach a receiver of that information.
(b) COMMUNICATION
Also apart from hiding information, it was necessary for sender and receiver of that information to achieve goals of communications.
(c) EDUCATION
Lastly but not the least, cryptography help we as IT professionals to learn more about tools of the computer system.
COMPONENTS OF CRYPTOGRAPHY
According to our previous lesson we only discussed on cryptography components has two basics components as arranged below; 1-An algorithm (Cryptographic method) 2-Keys Apart from the components of cryptography we discussed more the types of these ways on how to send and receive information, in which are classified as
a.Secret key system In Secret key system some times are known as symmetric systems wherein we use a single key for both encryption and decryption of data.
b. Public key system. Also in Public key which some times known as asymmetric systems of both encrypt and descript of data because is the modern way based on factorization, although is much slower but Digital signature capability. We normally use plain texts and Cipher texts.
USES OF CRYPTOGRAPHY
a. Privacy
-it is important to know ways on how to use cryptography so as be confidentially secure on sending and receiving of information
b. Authentication
-This is the situation of own a certain property like yours and not some to be intended as his / hers. In which it is easy to keep data in a safe way of transmissions. All the above ways of using cryptography are normally used by
(i)Governments-
This helps the governments especially on that governance with the computerized system so as to secure their information in order to avoid conflicts and misinformation among the society and their neighbor country.
This helps the governments especially on that governance with the computerized system so as to secure their information in order to avoid conflicts and misinformation among the society and their neighbor country.
(ii) Banks The system of cryptography in Banking is necessary for the monetary system of keeping money, account numbers, credit cards, ATM number cards as well as visa cards securely so as to avoid theft and terrorism on Banks.
(iii)Spies and Personal -Also this system normally used by spies in stopping terrorism and passwords for emailing communication.
CHALLENGES
Although cryptography assumes as the best way and method of keeping and secure information from being interrupted by other people as for privacy purposes, there are some challenges which can be obtained from
(a) Hackers and Crackers
In the system of hiding information, these hackers and crackers can decrypt our data by steal password and finally crack the whole system of algorithms.
(b) Education and technology. In the case of using the system, it needs the skilled people especially the connected one with a higher ideology computer like IT professionals.
(c) Needs highly cost Also this system needs more money or large fund in order to take control of how we can hide and send our data.
(d) Digital divide The system separate people because needs those who are connected and make easy facilitation of data.
References
(i)http://www.wikipedia.com
(ii)Alexander, MD (1993), Protecting Data With Secret Code, Infosecurity News
(iii)Diffi, W and Etal (1976), New Directions in Cryptography, IEEE Transaction on Information theory.
(iv)Meyer, CH, and Etal (1982), Cryptography, A New Dimension in Computer Security. New York, NY.
(v)Kessler, GC. (1998), An Overview of Cryptography
(i)http://www.wikipedia.com
(ii)Alexander, MD (1993), Protecting Data With Secret Code, Infosecurity News
(iii)Diffi, W and Etal (1976), New Directions in Cryptography, IEEE Transaction on Information theory.
(iv)Meyer, CH, and Etal (1982), Cryptography, A New Dimension in Computer Security. New York, NY.
(v)Kessler, GC. (1998), An Overview of Cryptography
Conclusion
Cryptography is the best way of hiding data although there some challenges on the system, so we have study hard and make more research about the system and also we have remembered on changing our password frequently after some days or months
prepared by Venance.
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